大别山超高压变质杂岩的折返

作为世界上规模最大的一个超高压变质带，大别山超高压变质杂岩是扬子板块 与中朝板块在三叠纪碰撞造山的产物，表现为扬子板块呈北北东向斜向俯冲到中朝板块之下。 超高压变质杂岩的折返机制是个复杂的动力学过程，折返速率也随时间推移而变慢。早期阶段 （三叠纪－早侏罗纪）同碰撞期浮力驱动下高压－超高压变质杂岩在俯冲带内沿道冲－韧性剪 切断裂快速挤侵（ｅｘｔｒｕｓｉｏ）到地壳层位，折返速率高达４ｍｍ／年；中期伴随着巨厚造山带山根的 拆沉，上部发生拉张塌陷，使超高压变质杂岩进一步减压，但折返速率缓慢，～(４０)Ａｒ／~(３９)Ａｒ年代学显 示１１７Ｍａ前它们仍处在地壳的较深部；晚期伴随着晚侏罗－早白垩纪花岗质岩浆的上升侵位， 超高压变质杂岩进一步抬升，同时低角度正断层发育，此阶段的折返机制类似于变质核杂岩模 型。整个折返过程中剥蚀一直在起作用。     

重庆南山马尾松林衰亡与大气污染关系的讨论

重庆市南郊的南山是一个风景区,有林地约二万七千余亩,主要是马尾松林(Pinusmassoniana Lamb.),自八十年代起明显出现衰亡现象,目前约有85％马尾松植株受到不同程度的伤害,死亡率达35％左右.马尾松出现的症状是针尖坏死,针叶提早脱落,针长变短,树冠稀疏,枝条枯死,径向生长变弱等.     

广州市谷河黑臭评价及其与裸藻丰度和生物量相关性分析

藻类密度增加是黑臭现象发生的重要原因之一.目前的黑臭评价标准缺少藻类等水生生物指标,而黑臭河流中浮游微藻时空特征研究也极少.于2017年秋和2018年冬和春在谷河布设6个样点,采用污染指数法(I_1)和黑臭多因子加权指数法(I_2)评价谷河黑臭情况,同时调查浮游微藻的丰度和生物量等,并对黑臭评价结果和微藻进行Pearson相关分析.结果表明,I_2指数法更适合评价谷河的黑臭情况;裸藻门丰度与I_2的相关系数较高(r=0.784,p0.01);裸藻门丰度比例和生物量比例与I_2的相关系数分别为0.750和0.776(p0.01);裸藻门的种数和裸藻门污染指示种个数与I_2的相关系数均为0.623(p0.01).裸藻门可能适合于作为评价谷河黑臭的水生生物指标.天然水体中微藻或裸藻与致臭物质的产生等有待深入研究.     

Relation of lead adsorption on birnessites with different average oxidation states of manganese and release of Mn^2＋/H^＋/K^＋

The characteristics of Pb2+ adsorption on the surface of birnessites with different average oxidation states (AOS) of Mn, synthesized under acidic and alkali conditions, were investigated. The results indicated that the amount of adsorbed Pb2+ increased with the increase of Mn AOS in birnessites. The amount of Pb2+ adsorbed positively correlated with the amount of released Mn2+, H+, and K+ (r = 0.9962 > 0.6614, n = 14, α = 0.01). The released Mn2+, H+, and K+ were derived mostly from the corresponding catio...     

Robust Regression with Data-Dependent Regularization Parameters and Autoregressive Temporal Correlations

We introduce robust procedures for analyzing water quality data collected over time. One challenging task in analyzing such data is how to achieve robustness in presence of outliers while maintaining high estimation efficiency so that we can draw valid conclusions and provide useful advices in water management. The robust approach requires specification of a loss function such as the Huber, Tukey’s bisquare and the exponential loss function, and an associated tuning parameter determining the extent of robustness needed. High robustness is at the cost of efficiency loss in parameter loss. To this end, we propose a data-driven method which leads to more efficient parameter estimation. This data-dependent approach allows us to choose a regularization (tuning) parameter that depends on the proportion of “outliers” in the data so that estimation efficiency is maximized. We illustrate the proposed methods using a study on ammonium nitrogen concentrations from two sites in the Huaihe River in China, where the interest is in quantifying the trend in the most recent years while accounting for possible temporal correlations and “irregular” observations in earlier years.     

高氮城市生活垃圾渗滤液短程生物脱氮

采用"两级UASB-缺氧-好氧系统"处理高COD与高NH4 -N的城市生活垃圾渗滤液.180天的试验结果表明:UASB1(一级UASB)与UASB2(二级UASB)最大COD去除速率分别为12.5、8.5 kg·m-3·d-1,UASB1的NOx--N的最大去除速率为3.0 kg·m-3·d-1.系统COD去除率为80%～92%,出水COD为800～1500 mg·L-1.原渗滤液的NH 4-N为1100～2000 mg·L-1,A/O工艺的最大NH4 -N去除速率为0.68kg·m-3·d-1;在17～30℃,通过NO-2-N累积率为90%～99%的短程硝化,NH4 -N的去除率在99%左右,出水NH4 -N小于15 mg·L-1.回流处理水和二沉池回流污泥中的NOx--N分别在UASB1和A/O工艺的缺氧段实现完全反硝化,使系统无机氮TIN去除率达80%～92%.同时高效的反硝化为硝化提供了充足的碱度,使A/O工艺pH大于8.5,维持较高的游离氨浓度,结果表明,高游离氨(FA)是导致短程硝化的主要因素.以pH作为控制参数调控A/O工艺的曝气时间,可以有效的抑制亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)的增长,实现种群优化和稳定的短程硝化.     

庐山旅游景区环境保护浅析

庐山风景秀美、人文历史丰富,伴随着庐山旅游业的迅速发展,庐山环境问题也逐渐突显出来。本文通过问卷调查、实地考察、访谈等方式了解游客关于庐山旅游景区环境的看法,利用数理统计方法分析了水、空气、固体垃圾的污染现状,提出了改善庐山旅游环境质量的举措,将为庐山旅游景区的可持续发展提供依据。     

电镀污泥中重金属溶出动力学及其在土壤中的归趋

电镀污泥是电镀工业中重金属的"汇",在降水的作用下可能向环境释放大量的重金属.本文通过连续浸出实验和动力学拟合探究了电镀污泥中重金属的溶出特性,并分析了重金属在土壤中的吸附、迁移转化及淋出行为.结果表明,在淋溶初期,重金属从电镀污泥中大量释放,且土壤中Cr （Ⅵ）、Ni的淋出浓度分别高达0.102、0.222 mg·L^-1.淋溶后,表层土壤中Ni、Cu的总量及可交换态/碳酸盐结合态含量均显著增加;由于专性吸附作用,Cu的铁锰氧化物结合态含量也大量增加,Cu在土壤中的吸附率高达89.32%~97.67%,降低了其从土壤中的淋出风险.Cr、Ni、Cu更易在红壤中发生吸附并转化为稳定的有机结合态,降低了重金属的潜在迁移性;相应地,电镀污泥中释放的Cr、Ni、Cu在栗钙土中具有较高的淋出风险.     

建设项目环境影响评价中易被忽视的几个细节

环境影响评价是一项专业性较强的技术工作,一份环评报告需要关注的内容比较多。在具体的建设项目环境影响评价报告的编制过程中,虽然有相关的环评法规、技术导则、环境标准等文件作为指导,但常常因为环评工程师缺乏实际环评工作经验等原因,有一些重要的细节被忽视了。这些被忽视的细节直接影响到了环评报告的质量,导致环评报告结论的科学性与可靠性遭到质疑。文章介绍了一些常被忽视的重要细节,并有针对性地提出了改进建议。     

Four kinds of capping materials for controlling phosphorus and nitrogen release from contaminated sediment using a static simulation experiment

• Lanthanum modified bentonite (LMB) can effectively absorb phosphorus (P). • Water treatment plant sludge (WTPS) capping is effective for controlling P release. •Aluminum-based P-inactivation agent (Al-PIA) is an efficient P control material. •The P adsorbed by WTPS and Al-PIA is mainly in the form of NAIP. We determined the effects of quartz sand (QS), water treatment plant sludge (WTPS), aluminum-based P-inactivation agent (Al-PIA), and lanthanum-modified bentonite (LMB) thin-layer capping on controlling phosphorus and nitrogen release from the sediment, using a static simulation experiment. The sediment in the experiment was sampled from Yundang Lagoon (Xiamen, Fujian Province, China), which is a eutrophic waterbody. The total phosphorus (TP), ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N), and total organic carbon (TOC) levels in the overlying water were measured at regular intervals, and the changes of different P forms in WTPS, Al-PIA, and sediment of each system were analyzed before and after the test. The average TP reduction rates of LMB, Al-PIA, WTPS, and QS were 94.82, 92.14, 86.88, and 10.68%, respectively, when the release strength of sediment TP was 2.26–9.19 mg/(m²·d) and the capping strength of the materials was 2 kg/m². Thin-layer capping of LMB, WTPS, and Al-PIA could effectively control P release from the sediment (P<0.05). However, thin-layer capping of LMB, Al-PIA, and QS did not significantly reduce the release of ammonium N and organic matter (P > 0.05). Based on our results, LMB, Al-PIA, and WTPS thin-layer capping promoted the migration and transformation of easily released P in sediment. The P adsorbed by WTPS and Al-PIA mainly occurred in the form of NAIP.