造纸废水厌氧处理产沼气发电研究

以浙江某纸业企业利用造纸废水厌氧处理所产沼气发电工程为例,研究造纸废水厌氧处理产沼气发电系统工艺运行的稳定性和经济可行性。结果表明:(1)厌氧内循环(IC)反应器运行稳定,产沼气量基本在3000m3/d左右(测定点压强约为2×105Pa),平均产气率为0.38m3/kg,基本达到产气率设计要求。(2)经处理后沼气中硫化氢质量浓度始终处于20～50mg/m3,平均固体颗粒物质量浓度约为15mg/m3,平均湿度为66%,达到发电系统的要求。(3)运行期间平均日发电量为8600kW.h,回用的蒸汽量平均约为1.1t/d。(4)整个沼气发电系统总收支为6.0万元/a,实现收支平衡且略有盈余。(5)假设以煤炭替换沼气发电,以年发电258万kW.h计算,理论上沼气发电系统每年节省煤炭928.8t,减少2118t二氧化碳排放,节能减排成效显著。     

Simultaneous determination of parathion and p-nitrophenol in vegetable tissues by derivative spectrophotometry

A first derivative spectrophotometric method has been developedfor the determination of parathion and p-nitrophenol in vegetabletissues. Ethanol was used as solvent for extracting the compoundsfrom the tissues and subsequently the samples were evaluated against a vegetable tissue blank, directly by derivative spectrophotometry. The simultaneous determination of these compounds can be carried out using the zero-crossing approach for parathion at 253.0 nm and for p-nitrophenol at 273.1 nm. In the samples each analyte was determined in the presence of one another in the ranges between 4.9 to 3883.5 g g^-1 forparathion and 4.9 to 3285.3 g g^-1 for p-nitrophenol.The detection limits (3) were found to be 1.5 and 1.4 g g^-1 for parathion and p-nitrophenol, respectively. The relative standard deviations were in all instances less than1.8%. The proposed method was applied to the determination ofthe analytes in spiked leafs of corn. The results show a goodrecovery and they are in agreement with those obtained bypolarography.     

Local air quality management as a risk management process: assessing, managing and remediating the risk of exceeding an air quality objective in Great Britain

Air quality is managed in Great Britain via an effects-based, risk management process designed to provide a dynamic solution to public health issues associated with elevated concentrations of seven specified air pollutants. This paper is concerned with an examination and evaluation of the process of Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) in Great Britain from the late 1980s to date as a risk management process. The statutory basis of LAQM process is provided by the Environment Act 1995. The Act provides a framework in which national and local actions are required to identify and remediate areas of poor air quality. Within this framework, the implementation of the process at national and local levels is considered, leading to an identification and assessment of risks in the formulation and implementation of air quality management policy and practice. Local Authorities began the process of Review and Assessment in 1999 and the first round of the process concluded in 2001. Following this, some 129 Local Authorities declared one or more Air Quality Management Areas (AQMAs). The Review and Assessment elements of the framework were subjected to an evaluation in 2001 and the essential elements of it were confirmed as fit for purpose. The evaluation led to a confirmation of the process of LAQM but also a simplification based on the experience of Round 1. Now, a two step process is required comprising of an Updating and Screening Assessment and, where a risk of exceeding an Air Quality Objective (AQO) is identified, a Detailed Assessment follows. The Government has identified a time scale for Review and Assessment through to 2010 and also introduced the requirement of a regular Progress Report in order that a Local Authority is able to address routine matters of air quality management. The risks inherent in epidemiological or scientific uncertainty are factored into the LAQM process at an early stage of the process and, by identifying the risks and subjecting them to regular review, the process provides a 'level playing field' across spatial and temporal scales. Whilst the process of LAQM described in this paper has been developed for Great Britain, the generic elements of the process are applicable to other countries challenged by air pollution problems which require both national and local action to resolve them.     

填埋场内温度场下渗滤液饱和带内硫酸盐还原行为表征

填埋场内渗滤液饱和带是物质交换和生化反应的活跃区域,也是含硫恶臭的主要发生源.本研究探究了填埋场内温度场下渗滤液饱和带内硫酸盐还原行为特征,结果表明,在25～55℃逐步升温的温度场下,渗滤液饱和带内的硫酸盐还原行为逐步增强且差异显著.渗滤液饱和带纵向SO42-和DOC迁移转化规律各异但趋势相同.硫酸盐还原行为主要发生在固液交界区和固相区,且固液交界区的电子供、受体呈特定化学计量关系.电子供体是引起硫酸盐还原行为差异的主要原因.本研究揭示的温度场下渗滤液饱和带内硫酸盐还原行为可为填埋场精准除臭提供重要依据.     

迎接地震观测技术的新变革

回顾了地震观测技术发展的三个阶段及其特点。简要总结了随着这几个阶段的技术进步南京基准地震台观测技术的重要变革 ,并从记录地震事件数量、大地震速报作用和推动某些研究的深入等方面评估了由于这些技术进步所带来的地震台效能的提高。对目前地震观测技术从模拟观测向数字观测的转折时期 ,地震台如何尽快过渡 ,充分发挥效能提出了初步对策。     

基于BPNN的一江两河流域水体中重金属浓度预测

本文将反向传播神经网络(BPNN)应用于青藏高原一江两河流域(雅鲁藏布江山南段、拉萨河、年楚河)水体中重金属浓度预测,探讨了输入变量、预测因子、隐藏层节点数和模型结构的影响. 模型以溶解氧(DO)、pH、电导率(EC)、总磷(TP)、铁(Fe)作为网络的输入层,重金属砷(As)、锑(Sb)、钼(Mo)、锰(Mn)的含量作为网络的输出层,使用Levenberg-Marquardt (LM)算法进行训练. 其中,BPNN隐藏层的传递函数为tansig,隐藏层节点数为9,输出层的传递函数为purelin,输出层节点数为4. 结果表明：(1)以单个元素作为预测因子时,As、Sb、Mo、Mn预测值和实测值的决定系数(R²)分别为0.98、0.933、0.894、0.928;均方根误差(RMSE)分别为：9.7168×10⁻⁴、1.2508×10⁻⁴、3.3159×10⁻⁴、1.9188×10⁻³. (2)以4个元素作为预测因子时,预测值和实测值的决定系数(R²)为0.888;均方根误差(RMSE)为2.1766×10⁻³. R²值越高,RMSE值越低,表明实测值和预测值拟合程度和适应性良好,证明BPNN能较好地应用于青藏高原一江两河流域水体中重金属浓度预测.     

Bioremediation of tributyltin contaminated sediment: degradation enhancement and improvement of bioavailability to promote treatment processes

Bioremediation of tributyltin (TBT) contaminated sediment was studied and degradation enhancement and improvement of bioavailability were also investigated. In TBT spiked sediment, the half-life of TBT in the control sample, representing natural attenuation, was 578 d indicating its persistence. In the stimulated sample (pH 7.5, aeration and incubated at 28 °C), the half-life was significantly reduced to 11 d. Further stimulation by nutrient addition (succinate, glycerol and l-arginine) or inoculation with Enterobacter cloacae (∼10⁷ viable cells g⁻¹ of sediment) resulted in half-life reduction to 9 and 10 d, respectively. In non-spiked sediment, the indigenous microorganisms were able to degrade aged TBT, but the extended period of contamination decreased the degradation efficiency. To improve bioavailability, addition of surfactant, adjustment of salinity and sonication were studied. The highest percentage solubilisation of TBT in water was obtained by adjusting salinity to 20 psu, which increased the solubility of TBT from 13% to 33%. Half-lives after bioavailability was improved were 5, 4 and 4 d for stimulation, stimulation w/nutrient addition and stimulation w/inoculation, respectively. However, natural attenuation in the control sample was not enhanced. The results show that providing suitable conditions is important in enhancing TBT biodegradation, and bioavailability improvement additionally increased the rate and degraded amount of TBT. Unfortunately, nutrient addition and inoculation of the degrader did not enhance the degradation appreciably.     

水热变化对三峡水库消落带紫色土有机碳矿化的影响

通过野外采样和室内模拟培养试验,研究水热变化对三峡水库消落带紫色土有机碳(SOC)矿化的影响.试验共设3个培养温度(10、20和30℃)和4个水分梯度[40%田间持水量(WHC)、70%WHC、100%WHC和淹水].在66 d培养期内,SOC累积矿化量表现为100%WHC处理下的最大,但与淹水之间差异不显著(P0.05).10℃和20℃时,100%WHC和淹水下的SOC累积矿化量与70%WHC无明显差异,但要显著高于40%WHC,而30℃时100%WHC和淹水下的累积矿化量则要显著高于70%WHC和40%WHC(P0.05),这表明相较于70%WHC的水分处理,高水分(100%WHC和淹水)对SOC矿化无抑制效应甚至在高温(30℃)下有促进作用.在相同水分条件下,消落带紫色土SOC累积矿化量均随培养温度升高而增加.另外,方差分析可知,温度和水分均能显著影响消落带紫色土SOC的累积矿化量,且二者有明显交互效应(P0.05).双库一级矿化动力学模型拟合结果表明,水分和温度通过影响消落带紫色土易分解有机碳含量和难分解有机碳的矿化速率,致使各处理之间SOC累积矿化量存在差异,其中高温条件下水分影响最为突出.随着温度的升高,低水分(40%WHC)下消落带紫色土SOC矿化的温度敏感性显著下降,而在土壤含水量≥70%WHC下则无明显变化.     

Evidence of integration of air quality management in the decision-making processes and procedures of English local government

The air quality management (AQM) framework in the UK is a risk management approach using effects-based objectives for air pollutants to determine the need for action. The Environment Act 1995 required a National Air Quality Strategy to be published, setting out health-based standards and objectives for eight pollutants, of which seven are to managed at a local scale. Because of the variety of sources of air pollution, if the AQM process is to succeed in the long term, solutions to identified problems will be required from transport, land use and economic planning sectors of local government in liaison with various other agencies, regulators and outside bodies. As such the task is inherently multi-disciplinary and an integrated, collaborative approach will be necessary. Although this observation is now fairly well documented, there is still little guidance relating to how, in relation to air quality management, integration can actually be accomplished. This paper presents some observations from case studies undertaken as part of a longer-term research study and in particular focuses on the identified problems of involving non-air-quality professionals in a highly technical scientific process. Various approaches to the collaborative aspects of air quality management will be presented. These case studies represent local authorities of different sizes in different political and organisational situations facing a range of air quality challenges. The creation of project teams or task forces is judged particularly useful for local air quality management. Methods that could be applied more widely include appointing individuals as integrators, and rotation of key personnel.     

某航天阀门力学试验夹具改进及仿真分析

随着振动试验技术的发展和进步,对振动试验要求更加严格,试验夹具作为完成试验的重要工具,其性能的改进则显得尤为重要。经过对某航天阀门产品力学试验夹具装载被试产品后的振动特性响应分析,发现原有力学试验夹具存在不足。基于此,本文对该力学试验夹具进行结构优化,利用有限元软件对改进前和改进后力学试验夹具的固有频率和振型进行仿真和对比分析。针对改进前力学试验夹具的固有频率、振型和响应位移方面存在的不足,依据仿真数据对试验夹具结构及性能方面进行改进,使得改进后力学试验夹具性能更加满足产品试验要求,从而更加保证航天阀门产品试验的顺利完成。