Less attention paid to waterborne SARS-CoV-2 spreading in Beijing urban communities

• A survey on individual’s perception of SARS-CoV-2 transmission was conducted. • Waterborne transmission risks are far less perceived by individuals. • Precautions of preventing wastewater mediated transmission are implemented. • The precautions for wastewater transmission are less favored by the public. • Education level differs the most regarding to waterborne transmission perception. SARS-CoV-2 has been detected in various environmental media. Community and individual-engaged precautions are recommended to stop or slow environmentally-mediated transmission. To better understand the individual’s awareness of and precaution to environmental dissemination of SARS-CoV-2, an online survey was conducted in Beijing during March 14–25, 2020. It is found that the waterborne (especially wastewater mediated) spreading routes are far less perceived by urban communities. The precautions for wastewater transmission are less favored by the public than airborne and solid waste mediated spreading routes. Such risk communication asymmetry in waterborne transmission will be further enlarged in places with fragile water system. Furthermore, education level is the most significant attribution (Sig.<0.05) that causes the difference of awareness and precautions of the waterborne transmission among the respondents, according to the variance analysis results. Our survey results emphasize the urgent need for evidence-based, multifactorial precautions for current and future outbreaks of COVID-19.     

长株潭城市群人为热排放对城市热环境影响研究

采用"自上而下"的能源清单法,研究了长株潭城市群2017年人为热排放量及其时空分布特征;同时,利用中尺度天气预报模式(Weather Research and Forecasting,WRF)及其耦合的UCM对夏冬两季分别进行数值模拟试验,定量分析了不同类型建成区人为热排放增温效应的季节性差异.结果表明:(1)长株潭2017年人为热排放总量为3.49x1017J/a,平均人为热排放强度为14.22 W/m2,工业、建筑、交通和人体新城代谢对人为热的贡献率分别为48.15％、40％、11.3％和0.55％.(2)人为热的引入使得城市群主城区夏季和冬季的平均温度分别升高了约0.7℃和1.5℃;冬季增温效果是夏季的2倍.(3)不同密度分区人为热排放导致的增温效果不同,总的来说,工业/商业区＞高密度住宅区＞低密度住宅区.     

Research progress and hot spots of hydrothermal liquefaction for bio-oil production based on bibliometric analysis

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of biomass used HTL reaction under high temperature and pressure to produce bio-oil. This technology is considered as...     

基于变权灰色云模型的江苏省水环境系统脆弱性评价

水环境系统脆弱性是水资源利用与生态环境研究的热点问题，通过研究水环境系统的内在机理，综合考虑影响水环境系统脆弱性的资源、环境、经济、社会等因素，借助驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应-管理（DPSIRM）框架构建水环境系统脆弱性评价指标体系。在此基础上，构建基于变权灰色云模型的评价方法，对2004~2014年江苏省水环境系统脆弱性进行评价。结果表明：2004~2014年水环境系统脆弱性指数由47.056提高到63.210，脆弱性等级由“重度脆弱”演化为“中度脆弱”，并长期维持在“中度脆弱的”等级，2014年出现了向“轻度脆弱”状态转变的趋势。分析各个子系统对水环境系统脆弱性影响程度可知，影响子系统和响应子系统对江苏省水环境脆弱性系统的影响程度逐年增加；而压力子系统和管理子系统对水环境系统脆弱性的影响程度逐年下降；其它子系统对水环境系统脆弱性的影响维持在一定水平小幅度波动。     

Heat dissipation characteristic in the intake grille and radiator of a fuel cell vehicle

ABSTRACT

In this study, a three-dimension (3D) computational model was proposed to investigate the flow and heat transfer characteristics of the intake grilles of two different fuel cell vehicles. The models of the intake grilles were constructed according to the actual sizes of two vehicles, namely, Roewe 950 and Toyota Mirai, considering the heat dissipation unit to simplify the heat transfer model of the vehicle. The results showed that relative to Roewe 950, Mirai intake air flow rate was approximately 10% higher, the heat transfer capacity was approximately 7% higher, and the intake grille area was larger. The coolant outlet temperature of Mirai was lower than that of Roewe 950, which was beneficial for the long term and stable operation of a fuel cell. This comparative study provided guidance for the intake grille and radiator design of fuel cell vehicles. The only difference between fuel cell vehicles on the market and conventional vehicles was that in the former, the internal combustion engine was replaced with a fuel cell stack, which had insufficient heat transfer capacity because of the reducing temperature difference. Increasing the intake grille area and the heat exchange capacity of the radiator were the key issues for the development of fuel cell vehicles. In this study, an optimal window opening angle of the radiator fin of 23° provided a maximal heat transfer coefficient.     

UiO-66(Zr)@多孔陶瓷复合材料的制备及对络合态重金属EDTA-Cu(Ⅱ)的去除

本文采用多孔陶瓷作为基体制备了锆基金属有机骨架UiO-66@多孔陶瓷复合材料.通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、粉末X射线衍射(PXRD)、氮气吸附和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)等表征手段对比了氢氧化钠脱硅和乙二胺表面改性等基体活化方式对UiO-66(Zr)在多孔陶瓷表面负载情况的影响.结果表明,经过乙二胺表面改性的多孔陶瓷对UiO-66(Zr)的负载更均匀,负载效果更好.以EDTA-Cu(Ⅱ)为考察对象,研究了UiO-66(Zr)@乙二胺表面改性多孔陶瓷复合材料对络合态重金属的净化效能.结果表明,UiO-66(Zr)@多孔陶瓷复合材料在较宽的酸碱条件下(pH=3—9)对络合态重金属EDTA-Cu(Ⅱ)均表现出良好的吸附性能,饱和吸附量为1.17 mg·g~(-1),并可通过NaOH解吸再生,从而实现材料的重复利用.     

液液萃取-固相萃取-气质联用测定指甲中的多溴联苯醚与多氯联苯

利用液液萃取(LLE)与固相萃取法(SPE)提取和净化人体指甲中的多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)和多氯联苯(PCBs),经浓硫酸除脂后,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)测定PBDEs和PCBs.对提取溶剂比例、净化柱类型(复合硅胶柱与固相萃取柱)、固相萃取条件(洗脱溶剂及体积)以及脂肪的去除方法进行了优化,加标回收率较前人基础上均有明显提高.加标回收试验结果显示,PBDEs和PCBs平均基质加标回收率分别为90%—110%和71%—102%,空白加标回收率分别为70%—110%和60%—100%之间,仪器检出限(IDL)分别为0.034—0.120μg·L~(-1)和0.032—0.392μg·L~(-1).本方法快速、简单、高效,能够满足指甲中PBDEs和PCBs的分析.同时本研究利用该方法对电子垃圾拆解地区居民的指甲样品进行测定,PBDEs和PCBs平均浓度分别为623 ng·g~(-1)和148 ng·g~(-1),BDE(-154、-153、-183、-209)和PCB(-8、-28、-52、-66、-101、-77、-118、-153、-187)在所有样品中均检出,女性指甲中PBDEs与PCBs的浓度普遍高于男性.     

高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱测定大米粉中的硒形态

建立了高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱联用技术(HPLC-ICP-MS)测定大米粉中硒代胱氨酸(SeCys_2)、甲基-硒代半胱氨酸(MeSeCys)、亚硒酸根(Se(Ⅳ))、硒代蛋氨酸(SeMet)、硒酸根(Se(Ⅵ))等5种硒形态的分析方法.采用Hamilton PRP-X100分析柱,以pH 4和pH 6的20 mmol·L~(-1)的柠檬酸溶液辅以少量甲醇为流动相,在梯度洗脱条件下,9 min内可实现5种硒形态完全分离.SeCys_2、MeSeCys、Se(Ⅳ)、SeMet、Se(Ⅵ)的检出限分别为0.88、0.69、1.00、0.90、0.82μg·L~(-1).利用富硒小麦粉标准物质RM8436探讨了不同提取方式的提取效果.最终确定75 mmol·L~(-1) Tris-HCl(pH 7.5)添加XIV蛋白酶和Driselase酶作为提取剂,在37℃振荡提取3 h为大米样品前处理方法.利用该方法分析了富硒地区大米粉中的硒形态,结果表明,大米粉中的硒主要以有机硒形态为主,其中SeMet是最主要的硒形态,占总硒的90%左右.     

铜陵某富硫尾矿库周边土壤重金属污染特征及风险评价

铜陵某尾矿库堆积大量富硫尾矿,为研究其氧化状况及对周边土壤的污染情况,在尾矿库和周边采集尾矿及土壤样品,测试分析尾矿及土壤样品典型重金属(Hg、As、Cr、Cd、Pb、Zn)含量和赋存形态,并基于单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对土壤污染状况进行了评价。结果表明:(1)尾矿中Fe_2O_3平均占比达到38.08%(质量分数,下同),S平均占比达到5.34%;(2)尾矿库周边土壤中Cd、As、Zn、Hg严重超标,分别为《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB 15618—2018)风险筛选值的6.3、3.7、1.8、1.5倍;(3)土壤中重金属主要以残渣态形式存在,但Cd、Hg、Zn的非残渣态平均占比均达到25%以上,生物有效性较高,对周边环境存在潜在危害;(4)两种污染指数法评价结果表明,尾矿库周边土壤以Cd、As、Zn污染为主,该富硫尾矿库已对周边环境造成重度污染。