An Aquifer Classification System and Geographical Information System-Based Analysis Tool for Watershed Managers in the Western U.S.1

Payne, Scott M. and William W. Woessner, 2010. An Aquifer Classification System and Geographical Information System-Based Analysis Tool for Watershed Managers in the Western U.S. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(5):1003-1023. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00472.x Abstract: Aquifers and groundwater systems can be classified using a variety of independent methods to characterize geologic and hydraulic properties, the degree of connection with surface water, and geochemical conditions. In light of a growing global demand for water, an approach for classifying groundwater systems at the watershed scale is needed. A comprehensive classification system is proposed that combines recognized methods and new approaches. The purpose of classification is to provide groundwater professionals, policy makers, and watershed managers with a widely applicable and repeatable system that reduces sometimes cumbersome complex databases and analyzes to straightforward terminology and graphical representations. The proposed classification system uses basin geology, aquifer productivity, water quality, and the degree of groundwater/surface water connection as classification criteria. The approach is based on literature values, reference databases, and fundamental hydrologic and hydrogeologic principles. The proposed classification system treats dataset completeness as a variable and includes a tiered assessment protocol that depends on the quality and quantity of data. In addition, it assembles and catalogs groundwater information using a consistent set of nomenclature. It is designed to analyze and display results using Geographical Information System mapping tools.     

NEBRASKA'S SANDHILLS LAKES: A HYDROGEOLOGIC OVERVIEW1

ABSTRACT: Lakes, marshes and wet meadows occur in the broad, flat, interdune valleys of the Nebraska Sandhills, a vegetation-stabilized dune field underlain by sediments containing an enormous supply of groundwater. Hydrologic, geologic and possibly climatologic factors influence the chemical quality of lake water. Central and eastern lakes generally are in connection with the groundwater reservoir. The hydrologic nature of western lakes and the cause of their high alkalinity is not fully understood. Lakes in close proximity may vary in both their chemical characteristics and in the degree to which they change in size and depth over time. Climatic, hydrogeologic and natural lake-aging processes of accumulation of organics appear to be primarily responsible for lake-size variations.     

DRY STREAM REACHES IN CARBONATE TERRANES: SURFACE INDICATORS OF GROUND-WATER RESERVOIRS1

ABSTRACT: The method of identifying dry stream reaches in carbonate terrane as surface indicators of potential ground-water reservoirs offers a valuable exploration technique that is more rapid and less expensive than traditional exploration methods involving random test drilling. In areas where dry stream reaches occur, subsurface drainage successfully competes with surface drainage, and sheet-like dissolution openings have developed parallel to bedding creating the ground-water reservoir. The occurrence and hydraulic characteristics of such reservoirs are highly variable, as attested to by the wide range of well yields. Union Hollow in south-central Tennessee is the setting for a case study that illustrates the application of the dry stream reach technique. In this technique, dry stream reach identification is based on two types of readily acquired information: (1) remotely sensed black and white infrared aerial photography; and (2) surface reconnaissance of stream channel characteristics. Test drilling in Union Hollow subsequent to identification of the dry reach proved that a localized ground-water reservoir was present.     

RELATION BETWEEN STREAM-WATER QUALITY AND GEOHYDROLOGY DURING BASE-FLOW CONDITIONS,ROBERTS CREEK WATERSHED,CLAYTON COUNTY,IOWA1

ABSTRACT: An investigation to determine the relation between stream water quality and geohydrology in the Roberts Creek watershed, Clayton County, Iowa, was conducted during selected base-flow periods in 1988–90. Discharge measurements were made and water samples collected for analyses of nutrients and selected herbicides in 19 subbasins along the main stem and tributaries of Roberts Creek. The areal extent of unconsolidated and bedrock units subcropping in each subbasin was quantified. The hydrologic data were correlated statistically with the geologic data to determine relations. Roberts Creek generally gained water and had larger nitrogen concentrations in subbasins in which bess and alluvial material were underlain primarily by low-permeability till and shale units. Roberts Creek generally lost water and had lower nitrate concentrations in subbasins with subcroppmg karstic units. Nitrogen concentrations decreased in streams underlain by the karstic units because the nitrogen removed by biological processes was not replaced by ground-water inflow. Seepage from Roberts Creek to ground water in areas of subcropping karstic carbonate rocks reduced the flow, which reduced the velocity, causing increased residence time of water in the stream. The additional residence time may allow additional time for biological processes to remove nitrogen from solution. There was no significant relation between dissolved orthophosphate or atrazine and the underlying geology.     

TEODORO ARDEMANS PIONEER WATER-SUPPLY ENGINEER OF SPAIN1

ABSTRACT: Teodoro Ardemans, first post-Renaissance water expert of Spain, recognized problems of ground-water contamination, influence of minerals on water quality, and mutual interference between closely spaced wells. He is also noted for his achievements in architecture and the writing of the first comprehensive building code for Madrid.     

RIPARIAN FOREST EFFECT ON LATERAL STREAM CHANNEL MIGRATION IN THE GLACIAL TILL PLAINS1

ABSTRACT: Dendrochronology analyses of point bar complexes were used to quantify the effects of riparian forests on local lateral migration of bends in seven streams in the glacial till plains of north central Missouri. Stream bends were paired with similar bank height, midchannel radius of curvature, soil composition, and watershed size. In each pair, one concave bank was forested and one was unforested. Stream bends with unforested concave banks had an average local migration rate three times greater than stream bends that had forested concave banks.     

河北省顺平县地下水化学特征及其成因分析

为研究顺平县地下水化学特征及离子来源,服务顺平县水资源科学开发与管理,系统采集了县域33组岩溶水和12组孔隙水样品,综合利用Gibbs图、离子比值关系和多元统计分析方法,分析了顺平县各类型地下水水化学类型、组成特征和主要控制因素,评估各来源对地下水溶质的贡献率.结果表明,研究区孔隙水和岩溶水整体呈弱碱性,TDS变化范围分别为245.89～430.00mg·L^-1和223.54～1 347.80mg·L^-1;阴阳离子组分以HCO^-₃和Ca²⁺为主.研究区内地下水聚类分为PW1、PW2类孔隙水和KW1、KW2、KW3类岩溶水,PW1和KW1类为HCO₃-Ca·Mg型水,PW2为HCO₃·Cl-Ca·Mg型水,KW2为HCO₃·NO₃-Ca·Mg型水,KW3为高矿化度的SO₄-Ca·Mg型水.以白云石矿物为主的碳酸盐岩风化和以钠长石、钾长石为主的硅酸盐岩矿物风化是地下水主要的...     

THE VULNERABILITY OF WETLANDS TO CLIMATE CHANGE: A HYDROLOGIC LANDSCAPE PERSPECTIVE1

ABSTRACT: The vulnerability of wetlands to changes in climate depends on their position within hydrologic landscapes. Hydrologic landscapes are defined by the flow characteristics of ground water and surface water and by the interaction of atmospheric water, surface water, and ground water for any given locality or region. Six general hydrologic landscapes are defined; mountainous, plateau and high plain, broad basins of interior drainage, riverine, flat coastal, and hummocky glacial and dune. Assessment of these landscapes indicate that the vulnerability of all wetlands to climate change fall between two extremes: those dependent primarily on precipitation for their water supply are highly vulnerable, and those dependent primarily on discharge from regional ground water flow systems are the least vulnerable, because of the great buffering capacity of large ground water flow systems to climate change.     

地质雷达在环境工程中的应用和发展

简要介绍了地质雷达技术,着重分析总结了地质雷达在环境工程,例如水文地质调查、土壤湿度测定、垃圾场调查、古建筑保护及考古中的应用,讨论了地质雷达的局限性及其发展趋势。     

煤层底板隐伏陷落柱突水预测及采前注浆加固评价

华北型煤矿开采受底板岩溶强含水层威胁，通过对淮南张集矿1613A工作面底板隐伏岩溶陷落柱突水危险性分析，采用FLAC3D方法模拟采动条件下岩溶陷落柱活化过程。模拟结果显示:陷落柱上方的煤层底板岩体发生塑性变形，导致陷落柱附近岩体失稳，陷落柱筒壁产生局部剪切破坏，剪切破坏位置易导致奥灰强含水层发生陷落柱突水。采前采用注浆方法改造岩溶陷落柱，对改造后的陷落柱进行数值模拟分析，其内部注浆岩体对陷落柱筒壁具有良好的支撑作用，抑制了筒壁位置剪切破坏的发生，使有效隔水层厚度增大，降低了陷落柱突水的危险性。