城市地区毒气扩散事故数值模拟

在城市人口密集区域，一旦发生重大危险气体泄露事故，周围居民将处境危险。由于城市特殊的街道街谷影响，用普通的方法难以精确计算出场的时空分布，大涡模拟（Large Eddy Simulation）虽然较为精确，但对计算机计算能力要求较高。针对于此，可以通过一些方法，例如贴体网格分析、卫星遥感技术，局部网格加密技术，改进大涡模型的计算条件，考虑泄漏事故一旦发生时，道路、房屋、气候对于气体扩散的影响，对事故的致灾机理从动力学的角度进行研究。在箅例中，通过分析城市地区庙会时的一起事故．模拟气体扩散浓度的时空分布，得出城市地区各个地区的不同受灾程度。通过算例我们看到，数值模拟能够为进一步安全规划、灾害预防、应急反应提供决策支持．     

废铜提炼回收贵重金属加工生产中“三废”综合利用及治理

以废铜为原料冶炼贵重金属是资源综合回收利用的有效途径之一,通过对典型废铜冶炼加工企业污染因子产生及排放分析,进行综合回收利用和有效治理,旨在回收贵重金属的同时,减少二次污染,＂三废＂达标排放,在发展铜加工产业基础上实现铜资源循环利用,达到污染减排的目的。     

Characterization of MSWI fly ash through mineralogy and water extraction

This paper investigates the mineralogical characteristics of fresh, aged and hot water extracted MSWI fly ash for providing the baseline information of minerals stability which controls the released heavy metals into the environment. Quantitative determination of bulk phase abundance in the fresh fly ash by the XRD Rietveld refinement method provided composition levels for amorphous and crystalline phases such as potassium tetrachlorozincate (K₂ZnCl₄), gehlenite, halite, quartz, anhydrite, and feldspar. The minerals association in the fly ash is clearly unstable and subject to mineralogical reactions. The phases of K₂ZnCl₄, halite and anhydrite in the fresh fly ash were involved in hydration and dissolution/precipitation processes to form new minerals such as the Zn-bearing mineral gordaite, syngenite, gypsum and hydrocalumite. The solubility-controlling phases and extractability of heavy metals were examined in a Soxhlet hot water-extractor. Here the soluble salts were simply removed from fly ash while Ca-, Al-, Si- and SO₄²⁻-bearing hydrate minerals were precipitated from the extraction solution. Furthermore, a low release of heavy metals Zn, Pb and Cd in hot water was noticed, indicating a strong retention of the trace metals in the mineral phases remaining in the insoluble fly ash residues.     

以福州为示范的城市空气质量实时精细化模拟与预报

本研究在已有空气质量站点的基础上,采用多功能、高效、小巧的传感设备进行监测加密,利用大数据的分析机理与空气质量模型的城市计算技术,以海峡西岸城市群中的福州市为示范,建设城市空气质量实时精细化模拟与预报系统。实时分析城市细粒度(1km×1km)的空气质量,有效提高了城市不同地理位置污染物浓度差异性的分辨率,同时对城市空气污染的发展趋势提出预测,为精细化分析污染成因提供基础数据,从而为环境管理提供决策辅助支持、市民出行提供帮助与指导。     

阴离子洗涤剂分析中标准物质的比较初探

通过对用分析纯十二烷基苯磺酸钠配制成阴离子洗涤剂标准物质与国家标准十二烷基苯磺酸钠溶液比较，二者无显著性差异，具有同等的效果。     

Air Pollution Modelling at an Urban Scale – Russian Experience and Problems

Urban concentration fields are extremely inhomogeneous andtheir gradients are very high. It results in specificproblems when modelling air pollution at the urban scalethat are analysed in this paper. Some examples ofmisrepresentation of the urban concentration field,computed with the use of the source-receptor type models,are given here. They can help in understanding the natureof the problems we face and reveal deficiencies of thecomputational technologies in use. Filtering of thecomputed fields is suggested as an instrument for improvingtheir quality. Its efficiency is proved on the test runs.An algorithm for refinement of the filtered fields isintroduced in this paper.     

活性炭细化及在微波照射快速降解酸性红B中应用

在粉末状活性炭存在下,微波照射能快速降解酸性红B。对总体积25 mL,浓度100 mg/L的酸性红B溶液,活性炭加入量1.6 g/L,微波照射1.5 min时,降解率可达73.20%。同样条件下适当提高活性炭加入量,如3.2 g/L时,降解率可达到98.63%。因此,选择活性炭作为催化剂具有降解率高,速度快,成本低,降解彻底,无二次污染等优点,适合于大规模治理各种染料废水。     

Copper stabilization in beneficial use of waterworks sludge and copper-laden electroplating sludge for ceramic materials

A promising strategy for effectively incorporating metal-containing waste materials into a variety of ceramic products was devised in this study. Elemental analysis confirmed that copper was the predominant metal component in the collected electroplating sludge, and aluminum was the predominant constituent of waterworks sludge collected in Hong Kong. The use of waterworks sludge as an aluminum-rich precursor material to facilitate copper stabilization under thermal conditions provides a promising waste-to-resource strategy. When sintering the mixture of copper sludge and the 900 °C calcined waterworks sludge, the CuAl₂O₄ spinel phase was first detected at 650 °C and became the predominant product phase at temperatures higher than 850 °C. Quantification of the XRD pattern using the Rietveld refinement method revealed that the weight of the CuAl₂O₄ spinel phase reached over 50% at 850 °C. The strong signals of the CuAl₂O₄ phase continued until the temperature reached 1150 °C, and further sintering initiated the generation of the other copper-hosting phases (CuAlO₂, Cu₂O, and CuO). The copper stabilization effect was evaluated by the copper leachability of the CuAl₂O₄ and CuO via the prolonged leaching experiments at a pH value of 4.9. The leaching results showed that the CuAl₂O₄ phase was superior to the CuAlO₂ and CuO phases for immobilizing hazardous copper over longer leaching periods. The findings clearly indicate that spinel formation is the most crucial metal stabilization mechanism when sintering multiphase copper sludge with aluminum-rich waterworks sludge, and suggest a promising and reliable technique for reusing both types of sludge waste for ceramic materials.     

变形镁合金晶粒细化及热处理后的组织和性能

通过变形方法细化晶粒提高镁合金塑性。大挤压比(100:1)可获得细晶镁合金挤压薄板,其晶粒尺寸为2.5～12.5μm;大挤压比+轧制确保合金获得平均晶粒尺寸小于5μm的细晶镁合金薄板。通过优化再结晶退火制度使合金具有最佳的组织结构和良好的力学性能。在523K保温20min后细晶(晶粒尺寸小于12.5μm)镁合金板材具有良好的热拉深性能,能成功拉深出质量完好的筒形件,而晶粒尺寸大于25μm,出现不良的热拉深现象。     

基于Petri网的消防应急救援指挥过程建模与性能优化

合理安排消防应急救援指挥进度,可有效节省火灾发生后指挥过程准备阶段的时间。在分析消防应急救援指挥过程的活动内容和流程的基础上,运用Petri网对消防应急救援指挥整个过程进行了系统的动态建模;在对模型进行合理简化后,依托Petri网的数学分析功能,并结合实际参数数据对模型进行了定量计算和改进优化分析;通过对比改进前、后的不同模型,提出了降低整个消防应急救援指挥过程平均延迟时间的改进模型。该研究可为消防应急救援的有效指挥提供理论依据。