城市大气中挥发性有机化合物监测技术进展

挥发性有机物(VOCs)是臭氧及二次有机颗粒物(SOA)的主要前体物。近年来,我国逐步将VOCs纳入大气污染物控制体系。准确可靠的监测技术是大气VOCs研究及控制的重要前提保障。按照采样方法、分析方法 2个方面介绍并讨论了城市大气中VOCs的现有监测方法,较为详细地介绍了几类广泛采用的离线及在线监测技术,简要讨论了目前VOCs监测中存在的一些问题,展望了今后的发展趋势。     

淮河支流污染物综合降解系数动态测算

确定河流污染物综合降解系数动态变化规律对提高水环境容量测算精度和水环境管理具有重要意义。通过现场模拟法,采用一维稳态模型测算了淮河支流洪河五沟营-塔桥乡河段COD、氨氮和总磷在枯水期、平水期和丰水期的综合降解系数,COD、氨氮和总磷降解系数在各水期的关系为枯水期平水期丰水期,提出了建议值并利用实测浓度对计算结果进行了检验,结果表明,不同水期综合降解系数吻合情况较好。     

The Impact of Agriculture On Dissolved Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycling in Temperate Ecosystems

Although most research has focussed on inorganic nutrient forms of nitrate (NO^-₃) and phosphorus (PO³₄) in runoff and receiving waters, nitrogen loss from agricultural land can also occur in organic and ammonium-nitrogen form; phosphorus losses, although often dominated by particulate transport, may occur in soluble organic and inorganic form. Furthermore, fluxes between different species may take place during transport from the land to the stream and as a result of in-stream, in-river or in-lake transformations. Knowledge of the spatial and temporal variation in all nitrogen species and phosphorus fractions in a drainage basin is therefore essential if the wider environmental significance of elevated nutrient concentrations in natural waters are to be assessed. This paper reviews recent work on N and P losses from agricultural land and presents some results from two intensive agricultural catchments: Slapton, Devon and the river Windrush catchment in the Cotswolds.     

废水产氢产酸/同型产乙酸耦合产酸条件优化

为了更好地发挥产氢产酸/同型产乙酸耦合系统在废水厌氧发酵生产乙酸方面的优势,有必要寻找一种简单有效的方法以获得该系统产酸的优化条件.利用经过加热处理并活化的厌氧污泥作种泥,以模拟废水中的葡萄糖为底物,针对发酵时间、底物浓度、种泥浓度、初始pH进行4因素10水平均匀设计实验,得到了乙酸生产指标与产酸条件之间关系的回归方程;也得到了以高乙酸产量为主要目标导向同时兼顾高乙酸产率和高乙酸生产强度目标的优化条件;优化条件实验乙酸浓度比均匀设计中最高乙酸浓度提高20%左右.研究表明,将均匀设计应用于废水产氢产酸/同型产乙酸耦合产酸条件优化,可以避免盲目性,迅速获得满意结果.     

Diffusion pollution from livestock and poultry rearing in the Yangtze Delta,China

BACKGROUND: The Yangtze Delta is one of the most developed regions in China and includes Shanghai, eight cities in Jiangsu province and eight cities in Zhejiang province. Meat consumption in this region has increased with economic growth, and most of the consumed meat is produced locally. The water quality of surface waters has deteriorated in recent years. An example was the huge blue-green algae bloom in Tai Lake in late May 2007, which affected millions of people's daily drinking water. However, animal husbandry is considered to be one of the main pollution sources. METHODS: Pollutants (NH3-N, total phosphorus (TP), and total nitrogen (TN)) excreted by livestock and poultry, and the resultant COD (chemical oxygen demand) and BOD (biochemical oxygen demand), were estimated using two different methods based on different data sets. RESULTS: The number of livestock and poultry has remained stable in the Yangtze Delta over the four years from 1999 to 2002, with the average number of pigs, cattle, sheep and poultry being 21.1 M, 0.4 M, 7.7 M and 597.6 M, respectively. Pollutants in livestock and poultry excreta estimated by Method I were: 0.12 Mt NH3-N, 0.11 Mt TP and 0.29 Mt TN, resulting in COD and BOD of 1.34 Mt and 1.30 Mt, respectively, while the estimations based on Method II were: 0.18 Mt NH3-N, 0.15 Mt TP and 0.40 Mt TN, resulting in COD and BOD of 1.95 Mt and 1.80 Mt, respectively. DISCUSSION: Pollutants excreted annually by livestock and poultry in the Yangtze Delta are estimated to be: 0.17 Mt NH3-N, 0.16 Mt TP and 0.42 Mt TN, giving rise to a COD of 1.86 Mt and a BOD of 1.72 Mt. Approximately 25% of this pollution was estimated to enter water bodies, which means that the annual pollutant load is 43,700 t NH3-N, 39,400 tTP, 104,600t TN with a COD of 465,000 tand a BOD of 430,100 t. Pollutants from animal husbandry were similar in magnitude to those from industrial wastewater. Pigs produced the most pollution, followed by poultry, cattle and sheep. The pollution load from animal husbandry in the Yangtze Delta is about twice the average level of the whole of China. CONCLUSIONS: Domestic wastewater was the main pollution source in the Yangtze Delta, followed by pollution from raising livestock and poultry and from industrial wastewater. The pollution load in Shanghai and Jiaxing were the greatest, followed by 7 cities of Jiangsu province (except Suzhou) and other cities of Zhejiang province and Suzhou. Pigs and poultry produced about 90% of the total pollutants from animal husbandry. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: The local governments, especially in Shanghai and Jiaxing, should focus their attention on the pollution produced by livestock and poulrry. Controlling pollution from pigs and poultry will have the greatest impact in this region. Control of pollution will be facilitated by the development of large-scale livestock and poultry farming units and a shift away from small scale husbandry.     

长春秋季生物质燃烧对PM2.5中WSOC吸光性的影响

为探究长春秋季生物质燃烧对PM_(2.5)中水溶性有机碳(water-soluble organic carbon,WSOC)吸光性的影响,于2017年10～11月进行PM_(2.5)样品采集,对PM_(2.5)中碳质组分、糖类化合物和WSOC的光吸收特征参数进行分析.研究表明:长春秋季PM_(2.5)中WSOC、有机碳(organic carbon,OC)、元素碳(elemental carbon,EC)的平均浓度分别为(10.12±3.47)、(17.07±5.64)和(1.34±0.75)μg·m~(-3),二次有机碳(secondary organic carbon,SOC)对OC的平均贡献率为38.93%.长春秋季总糖浓度为(1 049.39±958.85)ng·m~(-3),其中作为生物质燃烧示踪剂的脱水糖含量(左旋葡聚糖、半乳聚糖和甘露聚糖)在总糖中占比为91.69%,糖类相关性分析结果显示生物质燃烧源为长春秋季大气中糖类物质的主要贡献源.糖类物质的相关性分析及3种脱水糖的特征比值研究显示,作为长春秋季大气主要污染源的生物质燃烧的类型是硬木和作物残渣的燃烧.长春秋季WSOC的光吸收波长指数(AAE)为5.75±1.06,单位质量吸收效率(MAE)为(1.23±0.28)m~2·g~(-1),表明生物质燃烧对WSOC吸光性具有重要影响.利用生物质燃烧特征源参数量化计算生物质燃烧对WSOC浓度的贡献达58.82%,对总WSOC光吸收的贡献达40.92%.     

郑州市春季大气污染过程VOCs特征、臭氧生成潜势及源解析

利用GC5000在线气相色谱仪于2018年4月15日～5月15日对郑州市城区环境大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)进行监测,开展其污染特征、臭氧生成潜势(OFP)和来源解析研究.结果表明,监测期间,郑州市春季VOCs平均体积分数为40.26×10~(-9),非污染日和污染日VOCs平均体积分数分别为35.82×10~(-9)和44.12×10~(-9),污染日相较非污染日增长23%;VOCs物种对OFP的贡献表现为烯烃芳香烃烷烃炔烃;源解析结果显示监测期间郑州市VOCs主要来源是LPG源(66.05%)、机动车源(47.39%)、工业溶剂源(37.51%)、燃烧源(37.80%)和植物排放源(11.25%),且污染日的LPG源和植物排放源的贡献率较非污染日增长22.92%和68.50%.     

岗南水库沉积物间隙水有色溶解有机物的时空分布特征及差异分析

有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)作为溶解性有机物的重要组分,影响着水体中污染物质的形态特征和迁移转化过程.本研究运用紫外-可见光谱技术(UV-vis)以及三维荧光光谱(EEMs)技术结合平行因子分析法(PARAFAC),对岗南水库自入库河口到坝前主库区四季演变过程中沉积物间隙水CDOM的分布、光谱特征以及来源进行解析.结果表明,岗南水库沉积物间隙水CDOM的相对浓度a_(254)、a_(260)、a_(280)和a_(355)存在显著的季节差异,并且相对浓度大小为夏季春季秋季冬季;沉积物间隙水CDOM的E2/E3、E3/E4、E4/E6以及S_R存在显著的季节差异,呈现冬季高夏季低的特征;秋冬季的E2/E3以及E3/E4明显高于春夏季,并且秋冬季的E3/E4大部分均大于3.5,表明秋冬季沉积物间隙水CDOM具有更小的分子量和更低的腐殖化程度;三维荧光光谱通过PARAFAC解析出3种组分,分别为类酪氨酸(C1)、短波类富里酸(C2)和降解的腐殖类物质(C3),并且3种荧光组分间具有显著的正相关性(P0.001);岗南水库沉积物间隙水的CDOM总荧光强度和各荧光组分荧光强度呈现显著的季节差异,总荧光强度以及各组分的荧光强度呈现春季的最高、秋冬季次之、夏季最低的分布特征;秋冬季各个荧光组分占比不存在显著差异,春夏季各个荧光组分占比不存在显著差异,秋冬季与春夏季各个荧光组分占比存在显著差异;秋冬季沉积物间隙水CDOM生物源指数(BIX)和荧光指数(FI)均高于春夏季,表明秋冬季CDOM的自生源强于春夏季,与腐殖程度指标(HIX)的结果相吻合;PCA结合Adonis分析显示沉积物间隙水CDOM的光谱特征呈现显著的季节差异(P0.001);并且组分C1、C2、C3以及水质参数[氨氮、硝氮、亚硝氮、溶解性总氮以及溶解性总磷]均有很好的线性回归方程.综上,通过对岗南水库沉积物间隙水CDOM光谱特征进行研究,可以为分析岗南水库有机物污染特征和水质管理提供技术支持.     

潮土细菌及真菌群落对化肥减量配施有机肥和秸秆的响应

为了研究化肥减量配施有机肥和秸秆对华北麦玉轮作田潮土细菌和真菌群落的影响,在天津市宁河区试验基地开展田间定位施肥试验,采用Illumina高通量测序技术比较了5种施肥模式（单施化肥处理,F;化肥减施处理,FR;化肥减量与秸秆配施处理,FRS;化肥减量与有机肥配施处理,FRO;化肥减量与有机肥和秸秆配施处理,FROS）下土壤细菌及真菌群落的组成、多样性和结构差异,并结合土壤理化性质分析,探究不同施肥处理下驱动细菌和真菌群落变化的关键土壤环境因子.结果表明,FRO处理显著提高了土壤SOM含量.FROS处理的TP含量显著高于FRS处理,增加了13.33%.FRO和FROS处理AP含量较其它处理显著增加,NH₄⁺-N含量显著高于化肥处理（F和FR）.各施肥处理土壤中优势细菌门类均为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）和酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）,优势真菌门类均为子囊菌门（Ascomycota）.在化肥减量配施有机肥（FRO）的基础上添加秸秆（FROS）显著降低了放线菌门（Actinobacteria）的相对丰度.FRS和FROS处理均显著降低了芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadetes）的相对丰度.FROS处理显著提高了浮霉菌门（Planctomycetes）和疣微菌门（Verrucomicrobia）的相对丰度.对于真菌群落而言,有机肥（FRO和FROS）的施入显著提高了子囊菌门（Ascomycota）的相对丰度.与FR处理相比,FROS处理显著降低了被孢菌门（Mortierellomycota）和油壶菌门（Olpidiomycota）的相对丰度,且FRS处理同样显著降低了油壶菌门（Olpidiomycota）的相对丰度.FROS处理的细菌群落Shannon多样性指数显著高于F和FR处理,分别增加了1.26%和1.25%,Chao1指数较F处理显著增加了4.51%,细菌Shannon多样性指数与AP和NH₄⁺-N含量显著正相关（P<0.05）.与FR处理相比,FRS、FRO和FROS处理显著降低了真菌群落Shannon多样性指数,分别达到29.85%、24.94%和25.73%,真菌Shannon多样性指数与AP含量显著负相关（P<0.05）.细菌群落结构在FROS处理下显著区别于F、FR和FRO处理,土壤SM、TP、pH和AP是导致细菌群落结构变化的主要驱动因子;真菌群落结构在FRO和FROS处理下显著区别于F和FR处理,真菌群落结构变化主要受土壤TN、AP和TP的驱动.综上所述,添加有机肥和秸秆改变了土壤理化性质,进而改变了土壤细菌和真菌群落组成,土壤真菌对有机物料的敏感程度高于细菌,细菌和真菌群落结构均受到土壤P的调控,在潮土农业耕作中应引起充分重视.     

降水空间异质性对非点源关键源区识别面积变化的影响

针对地形起伏和降水空间差异较大的农业区非点源污染问题,基于SWAT模型评估了阿什河流域在异质性降水和均匀降水两种情景下总氮、总磷关键源区空间变化规律,统计了两种情景下识别的关键源区面积变化,并分析其与降水特征参数的关系.结果表明,降水量一定时,两种情景下识别的总氮、总磷关键源区面积变化趋势大致相同,且总磷关键源区面积不易受降水空间异质性的影响,但总氮关键源区面积却明显受到其影响.对各年份总氮和总磷关键源区面积与降水特征参数的相关分析表明,总磷关键源区面积与当年降水量呈显著正相关,而总氮关键源区面积却与前一年降水量呈显著正相关.研究结果对进一步探讨降水这一重要驱动因子的不确定性对非点源污染关键源区的影响,以及农业非点源污染的治理具有重要意义.