能源作物甜高粱对镉污染农田的修复潜力研究

通过田间控制试验,研究在不同镉污染条件下甜高粱对镉的吸收和积累规律,并采用先进固态发酵(ASSF)技术对甜高粱进行能源化利用,阐明能源植物甜高粱对镉污染农田的修复潜力.结果表明:甜高粱对镉具有较强的吸收能力和耐性,在不同浓度的镉处理条件下,均可以完成正常生育期(167 d),但当土壤镉含量达到33 mg·kg~(-1)时其生长受到显著抑制.在甜高粱植株内,根部的镉浓度最高,呈现根茎叶籽粒的分布特点,单株镉的积累量最高可达到0.84 mg(土壤镉含量为18 mg·kg~(-1)).甜高粱对镉的吸收与土壤中的镉含量具有显著的线性关系(P0.05),随着土壤中镉含量的增加显著增加,但是镉处理对甜高粱茎秆的糖和水分含量,以及发酵过程中糖利用率和乙醇转化率均没有影响.因此,在镉污染农田上种植甜高粱,可以确保生产的产品不进入食物链而进入能源产业链,既可以生产生物乙醇的原材料,产生经济效益,又可以吸收土壤中镉,实现对镉污染农田的边生产边修复.     

构树修复对重金属污染土壤环境质量的影响

通过温室盆栽试验,研究构树（Broussonetia papyrifera）生长对重金属污染土壤酶活性和微生物群落结构的影响.结果表明,构树修复污染土壤中酶活性和微生物多样性明显提高.经270d培养后,构树生长土壤中蔗糖酶和酸性磷酸酶活性与种植土壤相比分别显著（P<0.05）提高3.12倍和2.29倍;土壤脱氢酶与有效态As、Cd、Pb、Zn和Cu含量,蔗糖酶与有效态Cd含量,以及磷酸酶与有效态Cd和Cu含量之间呈显著负相关（P<0.05）.根据16S和18S rDNA PCR-DGGE分析表明,构树修复可提高污染土壤中细菌和丛枝菌根真菌多样性.上述结果表明,构树修复可有效改善重金属污染土壤的环境质量.然而,污染土壤中重金属有效态含量下降不明显,必须辅助物理和化学措施来强化构树对重金属污染土壤的生态修复潜力.     

Modeling rhizofiltration: heavy-metal uptake by plant roots

The discovery of phytoaccumulation potential of plant species has led to its application for remediation of heavy-metal-contaminated soil and wastewater, which is termed as phytoextraction/rhizofiltration. For prediction, analysis, planning and cost-effective design of such systems, mathematical models not only are used as a screening tool but also provide optimal parameters like harvesting time, irrigation schedule, etc. Several laboratory and field scale studies have been carried out in the past, and mathematical expressions have been developed by various researchers for different phenomena like metal adsorption in soil, plant root growth with time, moisture and metal uptake by plant root, moisture movement in unsaturated zone, soil moisture relationship, etc. The complete design of any such phytoremediation program would require the knowledge of behavior of heavy-metal movement in soil, water and plant root system. In this paper, a model for simulating heavy-metal dynamics in soil, water and plant root system is developed and discussed. The governing non-linear partial differential equation is solved numerically by implicit finite difference method using Picard's iterative technique, and the formulation has been illustrated using a characteristic example. The source code is written in MATLAB.     

土壤重金属污染的植物修复技术

土壤重金属污染的植物修复技术是土壤重金属污染治理的重要方法.分析了土壤重金属污染植物修复的必要性、土壤重金属污染的植物修复技术(植物萃取技术、根际过滤技术、植物固化技术、植物挥发技术)、重金属超累积植物的筛选与植物修复技术的应用,以及云南省开展土壤重金属污染的植物修复工作的前景.     

泥炭保护紫花苜蓿根系对柴油污染土壤修复的研究

采用盆栽试验,观察了泥炭保护根系移栽和直播2种栽培方式处理的紫花苜蓿在柴油污染土壤中的生长情况及其对土壤中柴油污染物的去除情况,探讨了利用泥炭保护根系措施清除土壤柴油污染物的可行性.结果表明,泥炭保护根系处理有利于紫花营蓿根系形态发育,能促进根系细菌和真菌的繁殖,并显著提高根区土壤柴油降解率.     

石油污染土壤的生物修复技术研究及其前景

根据污染土壤的生物修复技术具有高效、无二次污染和操作管理简便的优点，本文介绍谊类技术在石油污染治理领域的应用。在概述石油的组成成分及其对环境造成的污染的基础上，重点论述了微生物和植物修复技术有效去除有机污染物的应用条件，并就目前两种技术的最新研究成果即基因技术的应用作了介绍，同时指出了石油污染土壤生物修复技术的发展趋势和应用前景。     

Producing biogas from agricultural residues generated during phytoremediation process: Possibility,threshold, and challenges

In the past decades, a novel strategy has arisen, as required by time, to get a rational production of biogas from contaminated biomass, which may be, on purpose, harvested from contaminated soil phytoremediation process. The present review focuses on the possibility and potential of utilizing the agricultural residues generated during phytoremediation for production of biogas. As a general result of the studies compiled in this review, the harvested biomass can subsequently be utilized for the winning of biogas, and it provides a solution of waste disposal for phytoremediation technology. According to the analysis of previous results, not more than 1 mg/L of cadmium in fermenters shows promoting or at least no inhibitory effect on cumulative biogas yields. This strategy is promising for dealing with both environmental and energy problems in spite of many challenges in the coming future.     

蚯蚓粪对油葵修复菲污染土壤的强化作用

采用室内盆栽试验,研究了蚯蚓粪对油葵修复菲污染土壤的强化作用。结果表明:在试验浓度范围内(菲0~200 mg/kg),蚯蚓粪提高了菲污染土壤中油葵株高和生物量;施用蚯蚓粪后,土壤中菲的平均去除率为57.14%,较对照(不施蚯蚓粪)增长了15.34%;当菲浓度为50 mg/kg时,试验组菲的去除率较对照组提高了20.55%,差异最为显著;此外,当菲的浓度相同时,试验组油葵的富集系数均高于对照组,并且试验组土壤根际中的多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性均有提高,分别较对照增加了16.75%和18.37%。综合分析,说明蚯蚓粪可强化油葵对土壤中菲的去除作用。     

增施CO2对C3和C4植物根际氯氰菊酯残留浓度的影响

CO2减排和土壤污染修复是我国实现经济和环境可持续发展必须解决的两大难题.基于生物固碳对根际微环境的影响,本研究提出通过增施CO2强化土壤有机污染的植物修复过程,为同时解决CO2减排和土壤污染植物修复面临的困境提供新思路.在模拟的CO2增施环境中,以C3植物菜豆和C4植物玉米为供试植物,以氯氰菊酯为目标污染物,研究增施CO2对C3和C4植物根际氯氰菊酯残留浓度的影响.结果表明,增施CO2可显著增加C3植物菜豆的地上和地下干重,在氯氰菊酯添加浓度为0、20、40 mg.kg-1时地下干重分别比自然CO2水平时增加了54.3%、31.9%和30.0%.增施CO2提高了未添加氯氰菊酯土壤的菜豆根际微生物数量,但降低了添加氯氰菊酯土壤的菜豆根际微生物数量.增施CO2对未添加氯氰菊酯土壤的菜豆根际氯氰菊酯残留浓度没有显著影响,但降低了菜豆根际氯氰菊酯的残留浓度,分别比自然CO2水平时下降24.0%（20mg.kg-1）和16.9%（40 mg.kg-1）.然而,对C4植物玉米而言,增施CO2对植物生物量、根际微生物、根际氯氰菊酯残留浓度下降没有明显促进作用,甚至有抑制作用.本实验表明,增施CO2降低了C3植物根际氯氰菊酯残留浓度,可以考虑将增施CO2作为C3植物修复土壤污染的强化措施,但对C4植物的影响还有待进一步研究.     

Phytoremediation potential of charophytes: Bioaccumulation and toxicity studies of cadmium, lead and zinc

The ability for usage of common freshwater charophytes,Chara aculeolata and Nitella opaca in removal of cadmium (Cd),lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) from wastewater was examined.C.aculeolata and N.opaca were exposed to various concentrations of Cd (0.25 and 0.5 mg/L),Pb (5 and 10 mg/L) and Zn (5 and 10 mg/L) solutions under hydroponic conditions for 6 days.C.aculeolata was more tolerant of Cd and Pb than N.opaca.The relative growth rate of N.opaca was drastically reduced at high concentrations of Cd and Pb although both were tolerant of Zn.Both macroalgae showed a reduction in chloroplast,chlorophyll and carotenoid content after Cd and Pb exposure,while Zn exposure had little effects.The bioaccumulation of both Cd and Pb was higher in N.opaca (1544.3 μg/g at 0.5 mg/L Cd,21657.0 μg/g at 10 mg/L Pb) whereas higher Zn accumulation was observed in C.aculeolata (6703.5 μg/g at 10 mg/L Zn).In addition,high bioconcentration factor values (> 1000) for Cd and Pb were observed in both species.C.aculeolata showed higher percentage of Cd and Pb removal (> 95%) than N.opaca and seemed to be a better choice for Cd and Pb removal from wastewater due to its tolerance to these metals.