A survey of antennal responses by five species of coniferophagous bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to bark volatiles of six species of angiosperm trees

Summary. Using Porapak Q traps, we collected the bark volatiles of six angiosperm trees native to British Columbia: black cottonwood, Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A. Gray (Salicaceae), trembling aspen, P. tremuloides Michx. (Salicaceae), paper birch, Betula papyrifera Marsh. (Betulaceae), bigleaf maple, Acer macrophyllum Pursh (Aceraceae), red alder, Alnus rubra Bong. (Betulaceae), and Sitka alder, A. viridis ssp. sinuata (Regel) á. L?ve & D. L?ve (Betulaceae). Utilising coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection analysis, the captured volatiles were assayed for antennal responses in five species of coniferophagous bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), sympatric with most or all of the angiosperm trees: the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, the mountain pine beetle, D. ponderosae Hopkins, the spruce beetle, D. rufipennis (Kirby), the western balsam bark beetle, Dryocoetes confusus Swaine, and the pine engraver, Ips pini (Say). The identities of 25 antennally-active compounds were determined by coupled gas chromatographic-mass spectroscopic analysis, and co-chromatographic comparisons with authentic chemicals. The compounds identified were: hexanal, (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, 1-hexanol, heptanal, α-pinene, frontalin, benzaldehyde, β-pinene, 2-hydroxycyclohexanone, 3-carene, limonene, β-phellandrene, benzyl alcohol, (E)-ocimene, salicylaldehyde, conophthorin, guaiacol, nonanal, methyl salicylate, 4-allylanisole, decanal, thymol methyl ether, (E)-nerolidol, and dendrolasin. A number of these compounds are known semiochemicals that are active in the behaviour of other organisms, including bark beetles, suggesting a high degree of semiochemical parsimony. Antennally-active compounds ranged from seven in A. viridis to 17 in P. trichocarpa. The fewest number of compounds (9) were detected by I. pini and the largest number (24) were detected by D. pseudotsugae. Six compounds excited the antennae of all five species of bark beetles. The large number of antennally-active compounds detected in common by numerous bark beetles and present in common in numerous nonhost trees supports the hypothesis of olfaction-based recognition and avoidance of nonhost angiosperm trees during the process of host selection by coniferophagous bark beetles. Received 13 December 1999; accepted 14 March 2000     

On the effect of climate on the morphological structure of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Alnus hirsuta</Emphasis> (Betulaceae)

An analysis of correlations between metric leaf characters and climatic parameters of habitats in the Siberian alder (Alnus hirsuta) has shown that phenotypic variation in this species depends on the gradient of climatic factors and that the morphological structure of the species is largely determined by variation in climatic conditions within the species range.     

RED ALDER LEAF LITTER AND STREAMWATER QUALITY IN WESTERN OREGON1

ABSTRACT: Streamside red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) stands are common in western Oregon, and they have been suspected of causing water quality problems in domestic supplies during autumn leaf fall. Studies in the Seaside municipal watershed showed potential water quality effects (particularly increased color) from alder leaves, but stream sampling during 1981–82 revealed no chronic problems. The few observed short-term increases in water color occurred near the onset of storm flows, which suggested a flushing of organic matter storage sites. An extended period of unusually low flows and high leaf fall are probably necessary to produce significant water quality problems in this stream system. Laboratory leaching of alder leaves in filtered stream water indicated a fairly constant release of colored organic matter over time, and running water leached this matter more efficiently than still water. Water color increased linearly with increasing leaf mass added to still water, and for a given leaf mass there appeared to be a limit to the amount of colored matter that could be removed in the first 48 hours of leaching. Other laboratory tests showed that ultraviolet absorbance (254 mm) may provide a reasonable estimate of dissolved organic carbon concentrations in systems dominated by alder leaf inputs.     

小兴安岭毛赤杨沼泽CH4、N2O排放规律及其对人为干扰的响应

选择小兴安岭山区毛赤杨（Alnus sibirica）沼泽为研究对象,利用静态暗箱-气相色谱法,研究两个生长季内（2007年和2008年）沼泽湿地在自然状态下CH4、N2O排放通量的变化规律及其主要影响因素,以及在不同采伐干扰（皆伐、45%择伐）方式下,CH4和N2O排放通量的变化过程.结果表明,2007年CH4和N2O平均排放通量分别为1.03 mg·m-2·h-1和58.56μg·m-2·h-1,2008年分别为20.57 mg·m-2·h-1和17.41 μg·m-2·h-1; CH4排放高峰期均发生在夏、秋两季,N2O排放规律不明显.皆伐沼泽和45%择伐沼泽CH4平均排放量分别为597.06、237.05 μg·m-2·h-1,N2O平均排放量分别为35.84、114.51μg·m-2·h-1;与天然沼泽相比,CH4排放量明显下降,N2O排放通量明显升高.水位是CH4排放的主要影响因子,但当水位达到一定高度时不再成为限制因子,土壤温度与CH4排放相关性显著,相对较低水位与相对较高土壤温度有利于N2O排放;积水水位是影响沼泽不同年份CH4和N2O通量排放差异的主要影响因子,采伐引起的土壤温度和水位的变化是干扰地与对照地CH4和N2O排放产生差异的主要原因.     

不同土壤水分条件下三个速生用材树种幼树的耗水特性比较

试验采用盆栽控水的方法,分析、比较了巨桉、竹柳和桤木3个速生用材树种幼树在3种水分条件下(土壤含水量分别保持在田间持水量的85%~80%、55%~50%、35%~30%)的耗水特性。结果表明:①相同天气和水分条件下,蒸腾速率、各时段耗水量、日耗水量和总耗水量绝大多数均表现为巨桉>竹柳>桤木;②相同处理下,巨桉与竹柳的日耗水速率并无显著差异(P>0.05),但都明显高于桤木;③巨桉明显较大的整株叶面积及其在水分亏缺时采取的不同避旱策略是其耗水量高于其它2个树种的重要原因;④树木的耗水能力是与其同化能力、生长速率密切相关的,随土壤含水量下降,各树种的净光合速率、叶面积、株高和地径生长量下降,蒸腾耗水也随之降低,但巨桉同化与耗水能力更不易受到干旱的影响;⑤巨桉和竹柳更适宜于在雨量充沛且季节分布均匀的地区发展,而在水分不足或季节性干旱频繁的地区则适合发展耗水量最小的桤木。     

Establishment patterns in a secondary tree line ecotone

On semi-open pre-alpine fen pastures Alder encroachment creates a dynamic mosaic of grassland and woodland, which is rich in ecotones from fen to Carr. The structural diversity in colonisation patterns of Alder on fens suggests a dependency on multiple environmental drivers. Unidirectional progressive ecotone development provides an opportunity to address a current deficit in understanding successional patterns, i.e. process-pattern relationships in a multiple factor regime.We developed an individual-based model of Alder establishment on fen grassland to investigate the dependency of encroachment patterns upon seed production, dispersal distances and safe site availability. The purpose of the model is to provide a causal understanding of establishment patterns of Alder. In the model, all life processes of Alder individuals were parameterised with field data. This allowed us to strictly perform bottom-up simulations and successfully check plausibility by comparing simulated establishment patterns of cohorts with observed ecotone structures.Simulation results show that establishment patterns strongly depend on environmental drivers. Spatial progression of Alder encroachment and width of ecotones, respectively, mainly depend on wind speed during seed dispersal. Dense establishment of Alder leading to community change from fen grassland to Carr, requires windows of opportunity, which are defined by the rare coincidence of widespread dispersal, high seed production and favorable establishment conditions. Life-history traits of Alder (mast year cycle, high seed weight, weak establishment in fen) spatially and temporarily constrain the encroachment process. The structural diversity of long-term encroachment patterns is explained by the event-driven character of encroachment.Modelling individual establishment pathways of seedlings starting from germination revealed an endogenous stochasticity in establishment patterns emerging from low seed densities in the tail of the dispersal function. We conclude an inherent stochastic structure of dispersal-limited tree line ecotones, which limits reconstruction of processes from patterns.In order to describe long-term successional patterns of Alder encroachment at landscape scale, we propose the combination of two concepts: deterministic “patch-movement” of Alder woodland driven by continuous ecotone migration together with rare and stochastic “infiltration” of single Alder trees into open fen grasslands. Conservation management can control predictable “patch-movement” by cutting off maturing saplings around existing Alder woods. But the preservation of the actual large proportion of open grassland in fen pastures from infiltrating Alder seedlings and from the subsequent shift of the pasture to a densely wooded state would require mowing additionally to extensive grazing.     

利用rep-PCR研究云南尼泊尔桤木根瘤内Frankia基因多样性

利用rep-PCR指纹技术对云南5个地区的尼泊尔桤木根瘤内Frankia菌基因多样性进行研究,实验发现Frankia菌呈现丰富的基因多样性.所有71个样品被分为11种不同的基因类型.除高黎贡山外,不同地域都有某种基因型占优势,显示Frankia菌基因型与地域有紧密关系.所观察的5个地区中,高黎贡山Frankia菌基因型种类最多,多样性指数最高,基因多样性最为丰富.结合高黎贡山地理资料及其它生物多样性相关研究,推测与高黎贡山尼泊尔桤木共生的Frankia可能作为种储备库,为其它地区的寄主植物提供了祖先菌株.图8表1参13