Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in airborne particles by direct sample introduction thermal desorption GC/MS

The technique of thermal desorption (TD)–GC/MS was evaluated for measuring airborne, 4–6 ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) collected onto quartz filters. TD provides a more readily automated and sensitive alternative to traditional solvent extraction, decreasing the time/cost of analysis and reducing the risk of analyte loss or sample contamination. The developed method was successfully applied to the analysis of PAH standard solutions loaded on sorbent tubes packed with quartz wool and the graphitized carbon black sorbent Carbograph2. The optimized method showed high desorption efficiency over the whole range of target PAHs with good precision, linearity and sensitivity. The proposed method was verified on an urban dust Standard Reference Material (SRM 1649a); the experimentally determined concentrations agreed with the certified ranges (95% confidence limit) for all target compounds except benzo[a]anthracene, which fell just outside the narrow certified range. The desorption efficiency and the reproducibility of the method was evaluated by analysing pieces of real sample filters sampled from urban air for a period of 24 h. The results confirmed the homogeneity of the filter and showed high recovery efficiencies for all target PAHs.     

Kitchen waste valorization through a mild-temperature pretreatment to enhance biogas production and fermentability: Kinetics study in mesophilic and thermophilic regimen

Biowaste valorization through anaerobic digestion is an attractive option to achieve both climate protection goals and renewable energy production. In this paper, a complete set of batch trials was carried out on kitchen waste to investigate the effects of mild thermal pretreatment, temperature regimen and substrate/inoculum ratio. Thermal pretreatment was effective in the solubilisation of macromolecular fractions, particularly carbohydrates. The ability of the theoretical methodologies in estimating hydrogen and methane yields of complex substrates was evaluated by comparing the experimental results with the theoretical values. Despite the single batch configuration, a significant initial hydrogen production was observed, prior to methane yield. Main pretreatment effect was the gain in hydrogen production; the extent was highly variable according to the other parameters values. High hydrogen yields, up to 113 mL H2/g VSfed, were related to the prompt transformation of soluble sugars. Thermophilic regimen resulted, as expected, in faster digestions (up to 78 mL CH₄/gVS/day) and sorted out pH inhibition. The relatively low methane yields (342–398 mL CH₄/g VS_fed) were the result of the consistent lignocellulosic content and low lipid content. Thermal pretreatment proved to be a promising option for the enhancement of hydrogen production in food waste dark fermentation.     

基于VA One船舶舱室动力设备空气噪声控制分析

目的研究舱室间壁板不同约束条件及不同敷设方式对隔声量的影响。方法用VA One建立两个舱室的统计能量分析(Statistical Energy Analysis,SEA)模型,对约束阻尼结构和自由阻尼结构的隔声性能进行分析。针对约束阻尼结构,讨论其两侧金属层厚度差对整个壁板的隔声性能的影响;对自由阻尼结构,分析金属层与阻尼层之间的相对位置对其隔声性能影响。结果约束阻尼结构隔声量A计权声压级比自由阻尼结构高。结论阻尼层厚度和壁板总厚度一定时,自由阻尼结构金属层与阻尼层之间的相对位置对实际的隔声性能并没有影响;约束阻尼结构,两侧金属层等厚敷设时,其隔声效果最优,且两侧厚度差越大隔声量越小。     

铝型材挤压模具的失效分析

根据铝型材挤压模具的服役条件,采用宏观与微观相结合的分析方法,分析现场挤压模具的失效形式、失效性质和失效原因,并提出了提高模具使用寿命的一些措施.     

热解析气相色谱法测定土壤中苯系物

建立了用热解析气相色谱法测定土壤中苯系物的方法.采用保留时间定性,外标法定量.方法检出限分别为:苯1.8 μg·L-1、甲苯3.5 μg·L-1、乙苯7.0 μg·L-1、间二甲苯8.6 μg·L-1、对二甲苯8.6 μg·L-1、邻二甲苯9.8 μg·L-1、苯乙烯10.0 μg·L-1;加标回收率在79%～100%之间,相对标准偏差为1.5%～3.9%.方法操作简便,快速,灵敏度高,能适应现代化的应急监测.     

城市污水厂污泥热干燥处理技术及其应用分析

提出采用热干燥处理技术进一步降低脱水泥饼的含水率，介绍了现行的污泥热干燥处理技术，并就该技术在污泥处理中的应用尤其是在焚烧预处理中的应用进行了分析。     

Comparison of mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digestions of thermal hydrolysis pretreated swine manure: Process performance, microbial communities and energy balance

Anaerobic digestion (AD) of swine manure (SM) commonly shows low biogas output and unsatisfactory economic performance. In this study, thermophilic AD (TAD, 50 ± 1 °C) was combined with thermal hydrolysis pretreatment (THP, 170 °C/10 bar), to investigate its potential for maximizing biogas yield, securing successful digestion and microbial diversity, as well as improving energy balance. Four lab-scale continuously stirred tank reactors were operated for 300 days and compared with each other, i.e., reactor 1 (raw SM fed in mesophilic AD: RSM-MAD), reactor 2 (THP-treated SM fed in MAD: TSM-MAD), reactor 3 (RSM-TAD), and reactor 4 (TSM-TAD). The results showed that THP was efficient to increase methane production of SM, TSM-TAD mode led to the highest methane yield (129.8 ± 40.5 mL-CH₄/g-VS/day) among the tests (p < 0.05). Although TAD was more likely to induce free ammonia (> 700 mg/L) or volatile fatty acids (> 6000 mg/L) accumulation compared with MAD in start-up phase, TSM-TAD treatment mode behaved a sustainable digestion process in a long-term operation. For TSM-TAD scenario, higher Shannon–Weaver (3.873) and lower Simpson index (0.061) indicated this mode ensured and enlarged the diversity of bacteria communities. Phylum Bathyarchaeota was dominant (59.3%−90.0%) in archaea community, followed by Euryarchaeota in the four reactors. RSM-MAD treatment mode achieved the highest energy output (4.65 GJ/day), TSM-TAD was less effective (−17.38 GJ/day) due to increased energy demands. Thus improving the energetic efficiency of THP units is recommended for the development of TSM-TAD treatment mode.     

城市户外热环境的舒适性研究

介绍了户外热环境舒适性评价的几种方法，提出了户外热环境舒适评价指标OTCD，指出了在室内OTCD能与PMV很好吻合，并且OTCD的各项参数便于测量。     

城市草坪的生态热效益

分析了草坪的能量平衡机理以及与环境之间的热湿交换关系，说明了草坪对空气具有降温增湿作用。通过重庆市区一些草坪实测数据分析发现草坪日平衡温度与空气日平均温度相等，说明草坪与空气之间保持热量的生态平衡。     

电厂温排水对水库生态环境的影响

本文报告了电厂温排水对陡河水库生态环境的影响。结果表明,陡河水库年均水温比对照水体洋河水库提高2.8～4.8℃。溶解氧随着水温而变化,但从未低于5.0mg/l,增温后水体中各种营养盐类含量呈增加趋势,水体富营养化明显。