同步辐射光谱技术在有机固废污染控制与资源化研究中的应用

有机固废中碳、磷、硫及重金属等元素赋存形态是决定其环境行为、反应活性及资源化再利用的关键因素.同步辐射光谱技术可以在分子水平、微纳米尺度原位表征有机固废中碳、磷、硫、重金属等元素赋存形态、结合位点、微观结构,为深入阐明有机固废环境行为、反应机制提供直接的证据.概述了X射线吸收光谱、微束X射线荧光光谱等同步辐射光谱技术在有机固废污染控制与资源化研究的中应用进展,并对同步辐射光谱技术在该领域应用前景和发展趋势进行了展望,以期为有机固废资源化再利用及其污染控制等研究提供参考.     

家用报警系统DIY实例

当前市场上的各种报警系统种类繁多,各类制造商也是比比皆是,消费者可以随心所欲地选择他们喜欢的系统。各类系统之间的差别也非常有限,下面我们来介绍一套报警设备的DIY方案,供读者参考(由Alicia示范)。     

β修正罗丹明B光度法测定工业废水中银

对β修正光度法测定废水中痕量银进行了研究，该方法能消除反应液中过量显色剂干扰，提高分析灵敏度和准确度。测定结果表明，银加标回收率９３．０－１０６．０％，精密度ＲＳＤ２．３％，银量低测定浓度０．０２ｍｇ／Ｌ。该方法适合于印相，电镀等行业废水银分析。     

Adsorption of 17β-estradiol from aqueous solution by raw and direct/pre/post-KOH treated lotus seedpod biochar

Five biochars derived from lotus seedpod(LSP) were applied to examine and compare the adsorption capacity of 17β-estradiol(E2) from aqueous solution.The effect of KOH activation and the order of activation steps on material properties were discussed.The effect of contact time,initial concentration,p H,ionic strength and humic acid on E2 adsorption were investigated in a batch adsorption process.Experimental results demonstrated that the pseudo second-order model fitted the experimental data best and that adsorption equilibrium was reached within 20 hr.The efficiency of E2 removal increased with increasing E2 concentration and decreased with the increase of ionic strength.E2 adsorption on LSP-derived biochar(BCs) was influenced little by humic acid,and slightly affected by the solution p H when its value ranged from 4.0 to 9.0,but considerably affected at p H 10.0.Low environmental temperature is favorable for E2 adsorption.Chemisorption,π–π interactions,monolayer adsorption and electrostatic interaction are the possible adsorption mechanisms.Comparative studies indicated that KOH activation and the order of activation steps had significant impacts on the material.Post-treated biochar exhibited better adsorption capacity for E2 than direct treated,pretreated,and raw LSP biochar.Pyrolyzed biochar at higher temperature improved E2 removal.The excellent performance of BCs in removing E2 suggested that BCs have potential in E2 treatment and that the biochar directly treated by KOH would be a good choice for the treatment of E2 in aqueous solution,with its advantages of good efficiency and simple technology.     

Hygroscopicity measurement of sodium carbonate, β-alanine and internally mixed β-alanine/Na2CO3 particles by ATR-FTIR

Water-uptakes of pure sodium carbonate(Na_2CO_3),pure β-alanine and internally mixedβ-alanine/Na_2CO_3 aerosol particles with different mole ratios are first monitored using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(ATR-FTIR) technique.For pure Na_2CO_3 aerosol particles,combining the absorptions at 877 and 1422 cm-1 with abrupt water loss shows the efflorescence relative humidity(ERH) of 62.9%–51.9%.Upon humidifying,solid Na_2CO_3 firstly absorbs water to from Na_2CO_3·H2 O crystal at 72.0% RH and then deliquesces at 84.5% RH(DRH).As for pure β-alanine particles,the crystallization takes place in the range of 42.4%–33.2% RH and becomes droplets at ～ 88.2% RH.When β-alanine is mixed with Na_2CO_3 at various mole ratios,it shows no efflorescence of Na_2CO_3 whenβ-alanine to Na_2CO_3 mole ratio(OIR) is 2:1.For 1:1 and 1:2 β-alanine/Na_2CO_3 aerosols,the ERHs of Na_2CO_3 are 51.8%–42.3% and 57.1%–42.3%,respectively.While β-alanine crystal appears from 62.7% RH for 2:1 and 59.4% RH for both 1:1 and 1:2 particles and lasts to driest state.On hydration,the DRH is 44.7%–75.2% for Na_2CO_3 with the OIR of 1:1 and 44.7%–69.0%for 1:2 mixture,and those of β-alanine are 74.8% for 2:1 mixture and 68.9% for two others.After the first dehumidification–humidification,all the water contents decrease despite of constituent fraction.And at ～ 92% RH,the remaining water contents are 92%,89% and 82%at ～ 92% RH,corresponding to OIR of 2:1,1:1 and 1:2 mixed system,respectively.     

亚剂量抗生素诱导抗性基因水平迁移

为探究亚剂量抗生素诱导下编码广谱β-内酰胺酶(extended-spectrum β-lactamase,ESBL)基因的接合转移(conjugation),使用从新加坡主要医院的废水中直接分离的可合成ESBL的铜绿假单胞菌(P.aeruginosa)和大肠杆菌(E.coli)菌株作为ESBL编码质粒的供体,以携带绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein, GFP)基因的耐氯霉素(chloramphenicol,CHL)大肠杆菌SCC1(E.coli SCC1)作为受体,借助响应面分析,检测并分析了携带有ESBL编码基因的质粒在亚剂量水平的四环素(tetracycline,TC),磺胺甲噁唑(sulfamethoxazole,SMZ)和头孢他啶(ceftazidime,CAZ)单一暴露和共同暴露时,从供体菌株接合传递至受体菌株的特征.结果发现,ESBL编码质粒可在无诱导抗生素胁迫下,以平均0.001 5和0.004 2的频率分别由铜绿假单胞菌和大肠杆菌供体接合转移至受体大肠杆菌SCC1菌株,具有较低的"适应性代价",并在质量浓度低于最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC)的抗生素暴露下更易在大肠杆菌菌株之间传递.大肠杆菌菌株之间的接合转移显著发生在质量浓度低于0.03 mg·L~(-1)的TC与质量浓度低于0.002 mg·L~(-1)的CAZ单一暴露或共同暴露时,并可被亚MIC的TC显著抑制.铜绿假单胞菌与大肠杆菌间的接合转移可在5倍MIC的TC、CAZ共同暴露时被显著诱导,未检测到亚MIC水平抗生素对其的促进作用.     

土壤胡敏素对铜离子的吸附作用及其机理研究

以暗棕壤为供试土壤,研究了不同溶液pH值、离子强度、接触时间、反应温度和初始铜离子(Cu~(2+))浓度条件下,胡敏素对Cu~(2+)的吸附作用;利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X-射线能量色散谱(EDS)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和X-射线光电子能谱(XPS),对胡敏素/胡敏素-Cu~(2+)复合物的表面形貌、元素分布和官能团组成进行了分析;应用延展X-射线吸收精细结构谱(EXAFS),对吸附态Cu~(2+)的局域配位结构进行了表征.结果表明:胡敏素对Cu~(2+)的吸附量随pH值、接触时间、反应温度和Cu~(2+)浓度的增加而增加,但随离子强度的增加而下降;吸附动力学符合准二级动力学方程,而吸附等温线用Langmuir方程的拟合效果较好;吸附过程需要能量,是自发、吸热和自由度增加的缔合反应;吸附Cu~(2+)之后,胡敏素表面产生了团聚现象,表面羧基、羟基、吡啶氮和N—O基团参与了Cu~(2+)的吸附作用,同时吸附态Cu~(2+)是以内层配位形式与胡敏素表面的O/N和C原子结合.     

海上平台保温管线腐蚀控制技术研究

针对工艺管道保温层下的腐蚀,从腐蚀的特点入手,重点介绍了高精度、定量化γ射线检测技术、光纤在线监测技术及新型外防护层材料在保温层下腐蚀控制中的应用情况。     

高灵敏XRF测定废水中痕量砷

本文提出了在硫酸介质中，以锌粒还原产生氢化物，溴化铜溶液吸收，微孔滤膜过滤制成薄样，Ｘ射线荧光测定水中痕量砷的分析方法。