茶树-土壤生态系统中HTO的迁移与消长动态

采用模拟污染物的同位素示踪技术研究HTO（氚水）在茶树-土壤模拟生态系统中的迁移规律。测定了植物和土壤样品中两种形态氚（自由水氚和结合态氚）的比活度，并应用具有相互交换的双库室开系统模型确定了茶和土壤分室的拟合方程。结果表明：引入土壤中的HTO，不仅在系统积分室间转移和分配，而且迅速向系统外扩散；HTO中的氚以自由水氚和结合态氚形式存在于茶树中，以吸湿性水氚和结晶水氚存在于土壤，其中自由水氚（或吸湿性不氚）远大于结合态氚（或结晶水氚）；对实验数据进行回归分析得；茶树植株中的总氚比活度Ct(t)=314.09(e^-0.0569t-e^-0.3777t)，土壤中的总氚比活度Cs(t)=136.73e^-0.3777t 112.22e^-0.0569t。     

Measured and modelled tritium concentrations in freshwater Barnes mussels (Elliptio complanata) exposed to an abrupt increase in ambient tritium levels

To improve understanding of environmental tritium behaviour, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) included a Tritium and C-14 Working Group (WG) in its EMRAS (Environmental Modelling for Radiation Safety) program. One scenario considered by the WG involved the prediction of time-dependent tritium concentrations in freshwater mussels that were subjected to an abrupt increase in ambient tritium levels. The experimental data used in the scenario were obtained from a study in which freshwater Barnes mussels (Elliptio complanata) were transplanted from an area with background tritium concentrations to a small Canadian Shield lake that contains elevated tritium. The mussels were then sampled over 88 days, and concentrations of free-water tritium (HTO) and organically-bound tritium (OBT) were measured in the soft tissues to follow the build-up of tritium in the mussels over time.The HTO concentration in the mussels reached steady state with the concentration in lake water within one or two hours. Most models predicted a longer time (up to a few days) to equilibrium. All models under-predicted the OBT concentration in the mussels one hour after transplantation, but over-predicted the rate of OBT formation over the next 24 h. Subsequent dynamics were not well modelled, although all participants predicted OBT concentrations that were within a factor of three of the observation at the end of the study period. The concentration at the final time point was over-predicted by all but one of the models. The relatively low observed concentration at this time was likely due to the loss of OBT by mussels during reproduction.     

一种高效的硅胶中氚化水自动化解析技术

文章介绍采用温度自动控制的铸铝加热方式提取硅胶中氚化水的一种高效节能解析技术,并通过实验验证表明,该解析技术对硅胶吸附氚化水样品的最佳解析时间为15 min,此时100 g饱和硅胶样品至少能解析水7～10 mL用于液闪测量,对硅胶中氚化水的平均回收率优于99%,氚记忆效应小于万分之二。该技术与GB12375-90标准提出的氚蒸馏技术相比,具有能同时处理多个样品,可提高硅胶氚吸附样品前处理制样效率、节约能源等特点。     

Tritium profiles in snowpacks

The release of tritiated water (HTO) to the atmosphere during the winter can contribute significantly to snow contamination and to water-soil-plant contamination after the spring thaw. The dose significance of such a release depends on the persistence of tritiated water in the snowpack, which is primarily controlled by the HTO diffusion process in snow and the rate of re-emission into the atmosphere from the snowpack surface. Monitoring data collected after an acute winter release at Chalk River Laboratories and data obtained in winter over a chronically contaminated area were analyzed to estimate the diffusion coefficient of HTO in the snowpack. Under conditions of cold and dry snow, the diffusion coefficient lay in the range 1-2 × 10⁻¹⁰ m² s⁻¹, an order of magnitude lower than diffusion in water but an order of magnitude higher than self-diffusion in ice. These results confirm the theoretical predictions (Bales, 1991). Values up to six times higher were found for warmer periods and just before spring melt, when other processes contribute to profile evolution. The low diffusion rate of tritium in cold, dry snow means that tritium remains in the snowpack throughout the winter, to be released during spring thaw to potentially contaminate surface water, soil and crops.     

Rain scavenging of tritiated water vapour: a numerical Eulerian stationary model

The tradition in tritium washout modeling is to unite the washout model with a Gaussian plume model describing dispersion of tritium vapour in the atmosphere. In the present study, an alternative approach is proposed. A numerical Eulerian model that describes washout independently of dispersion is developed.The sensitivity analysis to model parameters has shown that the washout process is influenced most significantly by rainfall parameters and air temperature: different raindrop size distributions cause differences of up to about 70% in the washout outputs; a change of 15 °C in the air temperature causes an effect of about 50%.Results are presented showing calculated values of washout outputs (tritium concentration in rain, tritium downward flux, washout coefficient) for different tritium vapour profiles, rainfall rates and air temperatures. The general conclusion is that the washout process is too complex to be described comprehensively by the simple washout coefficient concept. We suggest the approach proposed here for directly calculating the tritium downward flux and concentration in the rainwater is preferable.     

氚水在模拟海水生态系统中的积累、迁移和消长

运用同位素示踪技术研究了氚水在模拟海水生态系统中的积累、迁移等特性。试验期间，海水中氚的含量随时间逐渐减少。底质对吸湿性水氚的积累呈递增趋势，而对结晶水氚没有明显的积累。自由水氚是氚水在缢蛏和中华乌塘鳢体内的主要存在形式，结合态氚在这两种海洋生物中的含量均很低。缢蛏和中华乌塘鳢对氚水的富集系数均小于1，说明它们对氚水都没有明显的富集效应。     

氚化水(HTO)气态释放后在大豆中的积累和转化研究

为了研究气态氚化水(Tritiated water,HTO)事故释放情况下其在植物中的迁移转化情况,选取盆栽大豆作为研究对象,分别在苗期、花荚期、灌浆期和成熟期模拟气态氚化水短期释放1 h,分不同时期采集样品测量大豆叶片和籽粒中的组织自由水氚(Tissue free water tritium,TFWT)和有机氚(Organically bound tritium,OBT)浓度,研究了TFWT和OBT的变化情况.结果表明,如果暴露试验在苗期和成熟期进行,叶片中的TFWT与周围空气中氚化水达到平衡的时间大于1 h,而花荚期和灌浆期则小于1 h.总的来说,随着时间的推移,大豆叶片和籽粒中的TFWT和OBT均呈现降低的趋势,与暴露试验结束后相比,差异达极显著水平.4个不同生育期进行暴露试验,收获时叶片中TFWT浓度分别为暴露试验结束时的 0.122%、0.0234%、0.0948%和75.87%,OBT的浓度分别为暴露试验结束时的 2.47%、4.32%、3.67%和31.68%;花荚期、灌浆期和成熟期进行暴露试验收获时籽粒中TFWT的浓度与暴露试验结束时TFWT的浓度相差倍数分别为6486、7902和4,OBT的浓度分别为暴露试验结束时的31.48%、32.03%和116.73%.4个不同生育期进行暴露试验,收获时大豆籽粒中的OBT与TFWT的浓度比率分别为5、9、34和0.4,说明摄入剂量中OBT的贡献大于TFWT,但气态氚化水在大豆成熟期释放,TFWT在摄入剂量的贡献中要大于OBT.因此,在植物氚浓度预测模型中,应根据气态氚化水事故释放时植物所处的不同生育期确定相应的参数,这样才能更为准确和客观的评价氚的摄入剂量.     

~3H的辐射生物学效应的研究（Ⅳ）HTO对莱哈衣藻（Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Dangeard）核仁纤维区超微结构的影响

利用电子显微镜和银染技术研究ＨＴＯ对莱哈衣藻核仁纤维区的辐射效应。结果显示：分裂间期衣藻核仁纤维区为由细线样结构组成的索状结构；衣藻细胞在含低剂量ＨＴＯ（３７０ｋＢｑ／ｍＬ）培养基培养１４００ｈ以后，间期核仁纤维区索状结构变得膨松，体积增大；经含中剂量ＨＴＯ（３７００ｋＢｑ／ｍＬ）培养１４００ｈ以后，纤维区索状结构明显解体，轮廓变得不清晰；经含高剂量ＨＴＯ（３７０００ｋＢｑ／ｍＬ）培养基培养１４００ｈ后，纤维区索状结构完全解体，呈现出松散的细线样结构，同时参与ｒＲＮＡ合成的一种酸性蛋白明显减少，结果表明，衣藻细胞分裂间期的核仁纤维区对ＨＴＯ的辐射作用是敏感的。