生态足迹影响因子的定量分析

人口的膨胀和人类工业化进程的加剧，使得人类向自然界获取越来越多的资源，同时向环境源源不断的输入废弃物，已经严重超过了自然生态系统的供给能力和环境容量，生态环境日益恶化，水土流失、草场退化、植被消亡、生物多样性锐减、全球变暖等情况已经严重到难以遏制的地步，危及到人类自身的生存。在和平与发展成为世界两大主题的今天，人们越来越关注可持续发展的问题。在现有资料的基础上，利用主成分分析方法，定量地讨论了中国各省（区市）1999年生态足迹大小与其影响因子间的关系。结果表明，生态足迹的大小是各省（区市）的大中型企业个数、全社会固定生产投资等众多因子共同作用的结果，其中总人口和GDP是生态足迹大小的主要影响因子，其因子载荷量分别达到了0.940和0.913。值得一提的是非农业人口与生态足迹的相关系数超过了农业人口，这说明由于消费模式和生活水平等的差异，非农业人口对生态足迹的影响大于农业人口对生态足迹的影响。在此基础上建立了生态足迹影响因子的多元线性回归模型，以期为生态足迹在进行区域可持续发展评价的方法上提供新的思路。     

Chemical characteristics of road dust PM2.5 fraction in oasis cities at the margin of Tarim Basin

In order to understand the compositions characteristics of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM_2.5) fraction in road dust (RD_2.5) of oasis cities on the edge of Tarim Basin, 30 road dust (RD) samples were collected in Kashi, Cele, and Yutian in the spring, 2018, and RD_2.5 was collected using the resuspension approach. Eight water-soluble ions, 39 trace elements and 8 fractions of carbon-containing species in PM_2.5 were analyzed. Ca²⁺ and Ca were the most abundant ions and elements in RD_2.5 (7.1% and 9.5%). Cl^- in RD_2.5 was affected not only by attributed to saline-alkali soils in oasis cities of the Tarim Basin and dust from Taklimakan Desert but also by human activities. Moreover, the organic carbon/elemental carbon (OC/EC) ratio indicated that carbon components in RD_2.5 in Cele town mainly come from fossil fuel combustion, while those in Yutian and Kashi mainly come from biomass combustion. It is noteworthy that high Ca in RD_2.5 was seriously affected by anthropogenic emissions, and high Na and K contents in RD_2.5 could be derived from soil and desert dust. It was estimated that Cd, Tl, Sn and Cr were emitted from anthropogenic emissions using the enrichment factor. The coefficients of divergence (COD) result indicated that the influence of local emission on road dust emission is greater than that of long-distance transmission. This study is the first time to comprehensively analyze the chemical characteristics of road dust in oasis cities, and the results provides the sources of road dust at the margin of Tarim Basin.     

典型脱硫工艺对燃煤锅炉烟气颗粒物的影响

脱硫是燃煤锅炉的重要除污环节,为探究脱硫工艺对烟气颗粒物的影响,选取4台不同脱硫工艺（石灰石/石膏法、炉内喷钙法、氨法和双碱法）的燃煤锅炉,利用再悬浮采样法和稀释通道采样法分别采集脱硫前后烟气颗粒物样品,并测定颗粒物中的水溶性离子、无机元素和碳组分.结果表明,脱硫剂对烟气PM_2.5的组分构成产生影响,烟气经过石灰石/石膏法脱硫后,PM_2.5中的Ca由5.1%提高至24.8%;经过氨法脱硫后,PM_2.5中NH₄⁺的质量分数由0.8%提高到7.3%;双碱法脱硫则使烟气PM_2.5中Na由0.9%提高到1.7%.湿法和干法脱硫工艺的作用显著不同,湿法脱硫排放颗粒物的离子含量较高,经过石灰石/石膏法和氨法脱硫,PM_2.5中SO₄^2-的质量分数分别由2.0%和6.7%提高到9.6%和11.9%,Cl^-分别由0.4%和1.2%提高到3.8%和5.2%,而Cr、Pb、Cu、Ti和Mn等重金属经过湿法脱硫出现含量下降;相对湿法脱硫,干法脱硫燃煤锅炉排放的PM_2.5中富含Al、Si和Fe等地壳元素.湿法脱硫同样对碳组分产生影响,石灰石/石膏法和氨法脱硫后,烟气PM_2.5的元素碳EC质量分数分别从6.1%降至0.9%和从3.6%降至0.7%,但是有机碳OC的含量并没有下降.     

Prenatal diagnosis for huntington's disease: A molecular and psychological study

Two linked probes were used to determine the Huntington's disease status of the fetus conceived by a woman affected with the condition. The fetus was found to be unaffected with a certainty of 97 per cent. The ethical issues associated with presymptomatic testing were avoided since the mother presented with initial symptoms of Huntington's disease, but other psychological and ethical issues arose. The concerns of an affected woman planning a pregnancy, and the dilemmas involved in decision-making regarding prenatal diagnosis and possible selective abortion were exposed and explored with the patient and her husband.     

characteristics of PM2.5 in rural areas of southern Jiangsu Province, China

Introduction Anumberofstudiesabroadhavedemonstratedthat atmosphericfineparticulatematter(PM2.5,dp<2.5μm)is notonlyassociatedwithatmosphericvisibilityreductionbut alsohasaclearcorrelationwiththenumberofdailydeathsandhospitalizationsasaconsequenceofpulmonarydisease(Chan,1997;Christoforous,2000;Schwartz,1996;Wilson,1997).On18July,1997,theU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(USEPA)promulgatednewandsevere standardsforfineparticulates(PM2.5)withthesizebelow2.5μm(15μg m3asannualaverage,65μg m…     

有机物分子结构与光催化氧化反应活性的关系

从正辛醇－水分配系数与Ｈａｍｍｅｔｔ常数，光催化氧化过程中的光解作用，表面活性剂的微环境效应及取代基的诱导效应等方面，探讨了有机物分子结构与其光催化氧化反应性之间的关系。     

滇池流域农村面源问题浅析

介绍了滇池流域自然和社会经济概况,分析了非点源污染的特性。认为滇池流域农村面源主要由村镇生活污水、农村固体废物、化肥施用、地表径流、土壤侵蚀和流失、畜禽养殖粪便构成。在得出结论的基础上提出了措施。     

分子生物学在渔业环境保护中的运用

分子生物学理论和技术在渔业环境保护与监测工作中的应用越来越得到人们的重视：生物体的多种酶已被用作监测水环境污染的指标；金属硫蛋白等生物体解毒体系在监测和防治水体重金属污染方面发挥显著作用；核酸是生物体遗传信息载体，以核酸质量变化监测水环境污染已取得较好的效果。据此就分子生物学在今后渔业环境保护中的运用提出了观点。     

Counter-disaster training in developing countries

This paper discusses both the need for training within a wider context of community disaster preparedness and the major alternatives in methods of training. Emphasis is placed on the importance of compatibility between the resources within a given country and appropriate training programmes.     

火灾烟气中有毒气体的体积分数分布与危害

研究火灾烟气的成分与其体积分数分布是火灾科学的一项重要内容。为了更好地研究建筑火灾烟气的释放过程并为建筑材料评价提供依据，采用文献综述的方法论述了建筑火灾烟气的主要有毒成分、体积分数范围(即浓度范围)与危险含量(即危险浓度)，还介绍了常用的烟气分析方法，说明了对火灾烟气的产生机理和火灾烟气成分的检测方法等还需要进行深入的研究。