SR系统工艺设计的几个必备要素：石屏县城市污水土地处理工程例析

在ＳＲ污水土地处理系统工艺设计中，处理场地的环境特征、限制性设计参数、作物选型及预处理方式的选择等决定了该系统运动的成败，应合理分析各必备要素以指导设计中参数的选择，达到污水处理与资源化的有机结合。     

Optimization of the recovery of plastics for recycling by density media separation cyclones

Material recovery processes are presented as the optimum option for recycling plastic wastes as a means of recovering hydrocarbon resources. There exist a large variety of automated material recovery processes for recycling of such wastes but each with significant limitations. Of these, the separation based on differences in densities is advocated as the optimum process either for producing recycled products or preparing wastes for subsequent recovery processing.Density separation processes based on cyclone type density media separation (DMS) is presented as an important, potential method for increasing plastics recycling process capacities. It is demonstrated to have the capacity to separate a significantly larger range of particle sizes than those presently processed industrially. The mathematical relationship for the prediction of quality of typical LARCODEMS type density media separations by particle size and density as expressed by the Ecart Probable is presented.A proposed device configuration is presented for density media separation to optimize the recovery and purity of both density fractions produced. It is also suggested that to be economically viable, a large scale of operation is required for industrial plastics recycling operations recovering and producing a number of different plastics with a purity to be used as a substitute for virgin material.     

Characterization of Shredder Residues generated and deposited in Denmark

This study presents a detailed characterization of Shredder residues (SR) generated and deposited in Denmark from 1990 to 2010. It represents approximately 85% of total Danish SR. A comprehensive sampling, size fractionation and chemical analysis was carried out on entire samples as well as on each individual size fraction. All significant elemental contents except oxygen were analyzed. The unexplained “balance” was subsequently explained by oxygen content in metal oxides, carbonates, sulphates and in organics, mainly cellulose. Using mass and calorific balance approaches, it was possible to balance the composition and, thereby, estimate the degree of oxidation of elements including metals. This revealed that larger fractions (>10 mm, 10–4 mm, 4–1 mm) contain significant amount of valuable free metals for recovery. The fractionation revealed that the >10 mm coarse fraction was the largest amount of SR being 35–40% (w/w) with a metal content constituting about 4–9% of the total SR by weight and the <1 mm fine fraction constituted 27–37% (w/w) of the total weight. The lower heat value (LHV) of SR samples over different time periods (1990–2010) was between 7 and 17 MJ/kg, declining with decreasing particle size. The SR composition is greatly dependent on the applied shredding and post shredding processes at the shredding plants causing some variations. There are uncertainties related to sampling and preparation of samples for analyses due to its heterogeneous nature and uncertainties in the chemical analyses results (≈15–25%). This exhaustive characterization is believed to constitute hitherto the best data platform for assessing potential value and feasibility of further resource recovery from SR.     

SR菌的卫生安全性研究

为了探讨ＳＲ菌应用于净化回收电镀废水重金属工艺的安全性,通过１１项试验和调查,研究了ＳＲ菌的毒力、毒性、致毒性、感染性和致敏性,ＳＲ菌在机体内的转归,人接触ＳＲ菌的反应,ＳＲ菌对植物生长的遗传的影响,结果表明ＳＲ菌的毒力,致毒性都在无毒范围;不致传染病;不致皮肤过敏;ＳＲ菌对植物的生长和遗传无不良影响,进入胃肠道的ＳＲ菌ＳＲ菌６ｈ入血液循环,２４ｈ由尿,粪排出,体内的ＳＲ菌在７ｄ左右被机体解体,通     

Bio-SR工艺脱硫净化天然气影响因素试验研究

在对比天然气传统脱硫工艺的基础上,结合 Bio-SR工艺特点,分析了该工艺应用于天然气脱硫净化的可行性.通过单因素实验考察了H2S标准混合气浓度、初始Fe3 浓度、喷淋量、空塔停留时间、pH及压力等因素对脱硫率的影响,初步确定了适宜的控制参数.实验结果表明,该工艺对气量大、低H2S质量浓度(＜1.0 g/m3)的天然气有快速高效的净化作用,出气达到管输天然气标准.     

降水变化对荒漠草原土壤呼吸的影响

全球气候变化使得降水格局发生显著改变.土壤呼吸作为土壤碳库向大气释放CO₂的重要途径,其对降水变化的响应可能会影响陆地生态系统碳循环进程,并对全球气候变化产生反馈作用,但目前关于土壤呼吸对降水变化的响应没有一致的结论.以黄土高原西部荒漠草原为对象,通过野外降水控制实验减水40%（-40%）、减水20%（-20%）、自然降水、增水20%（20%）和增水40%（40%）,探究降水变化对土壤呼吸动态的影响及其与土壤含水量、土壤温度、地上生物量、土壤有机碳、微生物量碳和碳氮比（有机碳总氮比）等因素的关系.结果表明,在3 a期间不同降水处理下土壤呼吸的日变化呈现较一致的单峰和双峰模式.土壤呼吸随降水量的增加均呈增加趋势,且相较对照,土壤呼吸在降水控制实验第二年（偏湿年份）和第三年（偏干年份）表现出显著差异,表明降水变化对土壤呼吸产生了遗留效应.同时,相比对照,偏湿年土壤呼吸在-40%处理下显著最低,在40%处理下显著最高,土壤呼吸对减水处理的负响应强于对增水处理的正响应;偏干年土壤呼吸在增水处理下显著高于对照,且对增水处理的正响应明显强于减水处理.此外,土壤含水量、地上生物量、土壤有机碳和碳氮比是显著影响土壤呼吸的环境因子,且随降水量的增加而增加;土壤呼吸随土壤含水量、地上生物量、土壤有机碳和碳氮比的增加而增加,随微生物量碳的增加而减少,其中土壤含水量对土壤呼吸的解释率最高,这表明土壤含水量是控制荒漠草原区土壤呼吸的主要环境因子.无论在偏湿或偏干年份,降水变化下,植物生物量输入幅度均低于土壤呼吸输出幅度,表明降水变化可能不利于土壤碳固存,尤其偏干年份降水变化对碳库输出的影响更强.因此,荒漠草原区不同干湿年份降水变化对土壤呼吸的影响可能对生态系统碳循环过程产生不同的影响,进而为区域碳预算评估提供参考.     

Elevated atmospheric CO2 and drought effects on leaf gas exchange properties of barley

Atmospheric CO₂ concentration (C_a) is rising, predicted to cause global warming, and alter precipitation patterns. During 1994, spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Alexis) was grown in a strip-split-plot experimental design to determine the effects that the main plot C_a treatments [A: Ambient at 370 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹; E: Enriched with free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) at ∼550 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹] had on several gas exchange properties of fully expanded sunlit primary leaves. The interacting strip-split-plot irrigation treatments were Dry or Wet [50% (D) or 100% (W) replacement of potential evapotranspiration] at ample nitrogen (261 kg N ha⁻¹) and phosphorous (29 kg P ha⁻¹) fertility. Elevated C_a facilitated drought avoidance by reducing stomatal conductance (g_s) by 34% that conserved water and enabled stomata to remain open for a longer period into a drought. This resulted in a 28% reduction in drought-induced midafternoon depression in net assimilation rate (A). Elevated C_a increased A by 37% under Dry and 23% under Wet. Any reduction in A under Wet conditions occurred because of nonstomatal limitations, whereas under Dry it occurred because of stomatal limitations. Elevated C_a increased the diurnal integral of A (A′) that resulted in an increase in the seasonal-long integral of A′ (A″) for barley leaves by 12% (P = 0.14) under both Dry and Wet - 650, 730, 905 and 1020 ± 65 g (C) m⁻² y⁻¹ for AD, ED, AW and EW treatments, respectively. Elevated C_a increased season-long average dry weight (DW_S; crown, shoots) by 14% (P = 0.02), whereas deficit irrigation reduced DW_S by 7% (P = 0.06), although these values may have been affected by a short but severe pea aphid [Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)] infestation. Hence, an elevated-C_a-based improvement in gas exchange properties enhanced growth of a barley crop.