Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Effect of dissolved organic matter on the toxicity of chlorotoluron to Triticum aestivum

Response of two wheat cultivars （Triticum aestivum cv. YM 158 and NM 9） to the herbicide chlorotoluron and the effect of two forms of dissolved organic matter on the chlorotoluron toxicity to the plants were characterized. Treatment with chlorotoluron at 10-50 μg/ml inhibited the seed germination and a dose-response was observed. The inhibition of seed germination was correlated to the depression of a-amylase activities. To identify whether chlorotoluron induced oxidative damage to wheat plants, the malondlaldehyde （MDA） content and electrolyte leakage were measured. Results showed that both MDA content and electrolyte leakage in the chlorotoluron-treated roots significantly increased. Activities of several key enzymes were measured that operate in citric acid cycle and carbohydrate metabolic pathway. Inhibited activities of citrate synthase and NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase were observed in the chlorotoluron-treated roots as compared to control plants. We also examined malate dehydrogenase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in wheat roots exposed to 30 μg/ml chlorotoluron, liowever, none of the enzymes showed significant changes in activities. Application of 160 μg/ml dissolved organic matter （DOM） extracted from non-treated sludge（NTS） and heat-expanded sludge （lIES） in the medium with 30 μg/ml chlorotoluron induced an additive inhibition of seed germination and plant growth. The inhibition of growth due to the DOM treatment was associated with the depression of activities of a-amylase, citrate synthase and NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase, as well as the increase in malondlaldehyde content and electrolyte leakage. These results suggested that the presence of DOM might enhance the uptake and accumulation of chlorotoluron, and thus resulted in greater toxicity in wheat plants. The two forms of DOM exhibited differences in regulation of chlorotoluron toxicity to the wheat plants. Treatments with DOM-NTS induced greater toxicity to plants as compared to those with DOM-HES. In addition to DOM affecting chlorotoluron-induced toxicity to wheat plants, the cultivars could have also contributed to differences. Generally, NM-9 showed a higher sensitivity to chlorotoluron than YM 158 either in the absence or in the presence of DOM.     

绿麦隆、阿特拉津单一与复合污染对蚯蚓的毒性效应研究

以赤子爱胜蚓为研究对象,采用滤纸急性毒性实验研究了农药绿麦隆、阿特拉津对蚯蚓的单一和复合毒性效应。单一毒性实验表明,绿麦隆与阿特拉津单独存在时,均对赤子爱胜蚓产生毒性。阿特拉津对蚯蚓的毒性大于绿麦隆,绿麦隆和阿特拉津48h的半致死质量浓度分别为189.64和43.33mg·L-1。复合毒性实验表明,绿麦隆与30mg·L-1和40mg·L-1的阿特拉津复合,其48h的半致死量分别为116.03和48.14mg·L-1。绿麦隆和阿特拉津的复合污染对蚯蚓具有明显的协同作用,而这种协同作用与污染物的质量浓度有关。     

水溶性有机物对绿麦隆胁迫下小麦幼苗生物利用性和毒性的影响

研究了在2种来源的DOM（水溶性有机物）和绿麦隆作用下,小麦幼苗在不同培养时间（4和10 d）组织累积量和抗氧化系统的响应,探讨了小麦幼苗在DOM作用下对绿麦隆胁迫的毒性响应影响及机制. 结果表明:在不同的培养期内,绿麦隆均抑制了小麦幼苗的生长,而2种不同来源的DOM均缓解了绿麦隆对植株的毒性. DOM的施加使绿麦隆胁迫下小麦叶和根中的丙二醛（MDA）含量降低,同时绿麦隆诱导的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活力也有所降低,然而过氧化物酶（POD）和谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶（GST）的活性却有一定程度的增高. 使用RT-PCR半定量分析方法对SOD和GST的酶活性变化进行了分析,以确证DOM缓解绿麦隆对小麦幼苗的毒性调节机制.      

绿麦隆在水溶液中光降解动力学研究

以低功率紫外灯和荧光灯为光源对水溶液中的绿麦隆进行光降解，探讨了光解的影响因素．研究表明，绿麦隆在紫外光照下较易降解，其光解符合准一级动力学方程，反应速率常数为２３×１０－２ｍｉｎ－１；在水环境中经长期光照会逐渐矿化为Ｃｌ－、ＣＯ２、ＮＯ－３等无机离子；运用ＧＣ／ＭＳ技术鉴定了绿麦隆的几种光解中间产物，异氰酸（３氯—４甲基）—苯酚酯是主要中间体，并推测了绿麦隆的光解反应历程．