Applying metabolic fingerprinting to ecology: The use of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy for the rapid screening of plant responses to N deposition

The potential for metabolic fingerprinting via Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy to provide a novel approach for the detection of plant biochemical responses to N deposition is examined. An example of spectral analysis using shoot samples taken from an open top chamber (OTC) experiment simulating wet ammonium deposition is given. Sample preparation involved oven drying and homogenisation via mill grinding. Slurries of a consistent dilution were then prepared prior to FT-IR analysis. Spectra from control, 8 and 16 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1 treatments were then subjected to cross-validated discriminant function analysis. Ordination diagrams showed clear separation between the three N treatments examined. The potential for using Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull as a bioindicator of N deposition is further evident from these results. The results also clearly demonstrate the power of FT-IR in discriminating between subtle phenotypic alterations in overall plant biochemistry as affected by ammonium pollution.     

屏蔽服冷却系统对人体表面温度影响的研究*

为科学有效地论证多种方式组合的冷却屏蔽服在不同环境条件下对人体表面温度控制的效果，需要对冷却系统及人体敏感部位发热量进行客观评估。通过对5名健康男性的高温测试，探究人体在不同环境温度下体表温度的变化，得出胸部、背部及额头为热量最高部位，并构建以“人体-降温屏蔽服-外界环境”为主体的冷却系统数值模型，对不同环境中的屏蔽服冷却效果展开研究，分析穿戴冷却屏蔽服时人体躯干部分的温度分布及影响。结果表明:在屏蔽服中靠近胸部、背部部位引入相变材料和风扇，均可帮助人体降低体温，提高舒适度。     

微生物-化学水解联合作用下烟嘧磺隆的降解

从被烟嘧磺隆污染的人工湿地土壤中分离出1株能够在葡萄糖存在下降解烟嘧磺隆的微生物,通过16S rDNA序列同源相似性分析,初步鉴定该微生物为Klebsiella sp..它能够以烟嘧磺隆为唯一氮源生长,其最适生长条件为:温度35℃,初始pH为中性偏酸.水解试验表明,烟嘧磺隆在中性和碱性条件下比较稳定,在酸性条件下水解较快.生物降解试验发现,当培养液中葡萄糖浓度为5 g.L-1时,在温度35℃、初始pH为7的条件下培养10 d后烟嘧磺隆有99.4%得到降解,同时溶液的pH从7.0降低至4.0;而降低葡萄糖浓度分别为500 mg.L-1和100 mg.L-1时,培养10 d后烟嘧磺隆的降解率仅为11.7%和6.6%,溶液的pH始终在7左右.进一步研究表明烟嘧磺隆的降解是由于微生物代谢葡萄糖产生了酸性环境,pH降低引起了烟嘧磺隆水解,菌种对烟嘧磺隆降解的实质是微生物-化学水解联合作用.     

基于生态工业的区域光电产业链构建的探讨

生态工业是遵循循环经济理念和生态经济学原理,转变工业经济发展模式,解决人口、资源和环境压力,使人类社会走上可持续发展道路的生产组织方式。介绍了区域光电产业按照生态经济学原理发展的必要性,并从产业链和废物代谢链两方面探讨了生态工业链的构建。     

Community structure and elevational diversity patterns of soil Acidobacteria

Acidobacteria is one of the most dominant and abundant phyla in soil,and was believed to have a wide range of metabolic and genetic functions. Relatively little is known about its community structure and elevational diversity patterns. We selected four elevation gradients from 1000 to 2800 m with typical vegetation types of the northern slope of Shennongjia Mountain in central China. The vegetation types were evergreen broadleaved forest,deciduous broadleaved forest,coniferous forest and sub-alpine shrubs. We analyzed the soil acidobacterial community composition,elevational patterns and the relationship between Acidobacteria subdivisions and soil enzyme activities by using the 16 S rRNA meta-sequencing technique and multivariate statistical analysis. The result found that 19 known subdivisions as well as an unclassified phylotype were presented in these forest sites,and Subdivision 6 has the highest number of detectable operational taxonomic units(OTUs). A significant single peak distribution pattern(P 0.05) between the OTU number and the elevation was observed. The Jaccard and Bray–Curtis index analysis showed that the soil Acidobacteria compositional similarity significantly decreased(P 0.01) with the increase in elevation distance. Mantel test analysis showed the most of the soil Acidobacteria subdivisions had the significant relationship(P 0.01) with different soil enzymes. Therefore,soil Acidobacteria may be involved in different ecosystem functions in global elemental cycles. Partial Mantel tests and CCA analysis showed that soil pH,soil temperature and plant diversity may be the key factors in shaping the soil Acidobacterial community structure.     

基于代谢产物调控的活性污泥沉淀性能控制原理研究

通过对不同沉降性能活性污泥的胞外聚合物(EPS)进行荧光特性分析,探讨了荧光强度峰值、荧光区域积分等参数与污泥沉降性能的关系.研究表明,典型波长下荧光强度峰值与污泥沉降性能之间有很好关联性,据此,建立了微生物典型代谢产物与沉淀性能的调控曲线即活性污泥的安全操作线与微生物代谢状态曲线,确立了活性污泥沉淀性能调控区域即高代谢产物区可获得良好的固液分离效果.研究成果从微生物代谢的角度揭示了絮体结构的调控方法,具有重要的理论意义.     

Chemical composition of water conditioned by crowdedMoina macrocopa (Crustacea: Cladocera)

The chemical composition of water conditioned by colonies ofMoina macrocopa and involved in the regulation of their life cycle was analyzed in comparison with water samples from natural water bodies. Dechlorinated tap water was used as the control medium. The results showed that metabolism of crustaceans leads to an increase in the concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen in all forms, the appearance of protein and carbohydrate fractions, and changes in the composition of lipid fractions in the water conditioned by their colonies. The contents of all organic components are very low, which makes their identification difficult. Concentrations of substances identified in the conditioned water do not exceed those occurring in nature.     

Rhodobacter sp. NP25b菌株缺氧降解壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚的研究

从城市污水处理厂活性污泥中分离得到一株能够在缺氧条件下以壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(NPEOs)为惟一碳源和能源生长的菌株NP25b.经生理生化鉴定和16S rRNA基因序列分析,该菌株属于红细菌属(Rhodobacter sp.),对该菌株降解NPEOs的特性进行了研究.结果表明,在缺氧条件下,菌株NP25b在7 d内对初始底物浓度为400 mg/L NPEOs的降解率可达84%.利用液相色谱-质谱(LC-MS)和气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)对NPEOs降解中间产物进行了分析,结果表明,主要降解产物为短链NPEOs和壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚乙酸(NPECs),其中包括具有较强内分泌干扰效应的NP1EO.该菌株能够代谢含有疏水基团的聚氧乙烯醚类表面活性剂,例如辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚和脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚.推测菌株NP25b降解NPEOs是通过乙氧基(EO)链末端氧化后逐步切割完成的.