常乐稀土复合肥对玉米（Zea may L.）的细胞毒性和遗传毒性效应

为了研究常乐稀土多元复合肥对主要农作物--玉米(Zea mays L.)是否产生细胞毒性和遗传毒性效应,采用不同梯度质量浓度的稀土复合肥溶液对玉米进行处理,观察其根尖生长状况,统计分析细胞死亡率、微核率、有丝分裂指数以及对细胞DNA的损伤情况.结果表明,质量浓度为10mg·L-1以下时,常乐稀土复合肥能够促进玉米根尖的生长,100mg·L-1以上时抑制根尖生长;随着试验浓度的递增,细胞死亡率、微核率、DNA损伤率逐渐上升并具有正相关性,表现出明显的剂量-效应关系,而有丝分裂指数却随着浓度的增加逐渐下降.以上结果表明,常乐稀土复合肥对玉米确有一定的细胞毒性和遗传毒性效应,其细胞毒性阈值和遗传毒性阈值皆为100mg·L-1.     

Effects of Zn2+ on root growth,cell division, and nucleoli of Allium cepa L.

The effects of different concentrations of Zn²⁺ion on root growth,cell division,and nucleoli of Allium cepa were studied. The test Zn²⁺ ion concentration was made up from zinc sulphate (ZnSO₄. 7H₂O) ranging from 10^-7 to 10^-2 mol/L. The solutions were prepared in tap water (pH =6. 5).The results indicated that Zn²⁺ could obviously inhibit root growth at concentrations from 10^-4)to 10^-2 mol/L.Roots treated with zinc sulphate showed the presence of c-mitosis, anaphase bridges,including sticky and fluidized bridges (at 10^-3 to 10^-2 mol/L) , chromosome stickiness, irregularly shaped nuclei, broken nuclei and micronuclei. A toxicity effect was also observed on the nucleoli using silver staining technique after 48h of treatment with 10^-4to 10^-2 mol/L Zn²⁺, e. g,the nucleolar particulate material scattered around the nucleoli in the nucleus of root tip cells.     

三叶鬼针草对蚕豆根尖遗传毒性的研究

化感作用是外来植物成功入侵和快速扩散的机制之一,为了探讨入侵植物三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa L.)的化感作用机制,运用蚕豆根尖微核技术和植物切片技术,研究了不同质量浓度的三叶鬼针草水浸提液对蚕豆(Vicia faba L.)根尖细胞的遗传损伤和对根生长的影响。结果表明,三叶鬼针草水浸提液对蚕豆根尖细胞有丝分裂及生长产生不同程度的抑制和损伤,具有明显的遗传毒性。水浸提液对蚕豆根尖的影响存在显著的时间效应和质量浓度效应。经切片测量统计,水浸提液促进了成熟区细胞平周分裂,使根尖细胞层数增加;同时显著地抑制了细胞伸长,使根尖缩短,整体表现为使根尖加粗变短。三叶鬼针草水浸提液抑制了细胞有丝分裂的正常进行,并随着水浸提液质量分数的升高,分裂期细胞数目下降,微核率逐渐升高。本研究结果表明三叶鬼针草水溶性化感物质对植物的遗传稳定性及细胞形态结构具有一定的影响,三叶鬼针草的化感作用可能是其成功入侵的机制之一。     

Analysis of sensitivity of different criteria in cytogenetic monitoring

A sensitivity scale for criteria used in cytogenetic monitoring was constructed on the basis of published data and the results of experiments on exposingZebrina pendula Schirt. plants to radon at various equivalent volume equilibrium activities. It was found that nucleolar activity and suppression of mitotic activity are the most and the least sensitive parameters in terms of response to stress, respectively.     

Specific Cytogenetic Characteristics of Pinus cretaceae and Pinus sylvestris

A comparative cytogenetic study has been performed in four populations of two pine species, Pinus cretaceae Kalen. and P. sylvestris L., growing on sandy and chalky substrates in Voronezh and Belgorod oblasts. Significant differences in the parameters of mitotic and nucleolar activities, as well as the rate and spectrum of mitotic pathology, between populations of P. cretaceae and P. sylvestris and between populations of P. cretaceae growing under different conditions have been found. Populations of P. sylvestris growing on sandy and chalky substrates differ from each other in nucleolar activity. These differences may be adaptive and reflect the characteristic metabolic patterns and biological plasticity of pines growing under specific conditions.     

1,2,4-三氯苯对大蒜根尖分生细胞有丝分裂的影响

以大蒜根尖分生细胞为材料研究1,2,4-三氯苯(1,2,4-TCB)对有丝分裂的影响.结果表明,1,2,4-TCB使大蒜根尖分生细胞有丝分裂指数下降,且呈现明显的剂量-效应和时间-效应关系;1,2,4-TCB使有丝分裂前期细胞所占比例相对增加,中期、后期、末期细胞相对减少;与后期、末期相比,中期细胞的减幅更大;1,2,4-TCB各处理组的微核细胞发生率与对照组相比均没有统计学差异;双核细胞发生率在高浓度处理组与对照组相比,有极显著性的统计学差异(p＜0.01),并呈现一定的剂量-效应和时间-效应关系.研究表明,1,2,4-TCB对大蒜根尖分生细胞有丝分裂具有阻滞作用,并诱发有丝分裂异常的显著升高.     

镉对洋葱根生长和细胞分裂的影响

研究了不同浓度氯化镉溶液对洋葱根的生长,细胞分裂和染色体形态的影响.结果表明,随Cd~(2+)浓度增加,根的生长速率递减;随处理时间延长,每单位时间的根生长速度递减或停止,根尖细胞有丝分裂指数随Cd~(2+)的浓度增高和处理时间延长而递减.不同浓度Cd~(2+)都能引起染色体畸变,恢复培养后均能恢复生长,染色体畸变率降低     

Effects of Zn~（2＋） on root growth，cell division，and nucleoli of Allium cepa L．

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铝对蚕豆根尖细胞的遗传损伤

铝作为土壤主要元素之一,是酸性条件下影响植物生长发育的一个主要原因。为进一步探讨酸性条件下铝对植物细胞的毒性作用机理,文章以蚕豆(ViciafabaL.)为材料,研究了不同酸度(pH4.5和pH5.8)的三氯化铝对根尖细胞的遗传损伤作用。结果表明,pH5.8和pH4.5的铝处理(0.03~50mmol·L-1)组中根尖细胞分裂指数呈浓度依赖性降低,微核细胞数显著增加。相同铝浓度时,pH4.5组的分裂指数低于pH5.8组,微核率高于后者。此外,铝处理能诱发根尖细胞核固缩,固缩率随酸度增强和铝浓度增大而增高。研究结果表明,三氯化铝对蚕豆根尖细胞具有遗传损伤作用,酸性增强时铝的毒性作用增强。