熔池高度对双辊薄带凝固组织影响的模拟预测

在已建立的理论数学模型的基础上,以1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢为研究对象,模拟预测了薄带厚度保持不变条件下熔池高度对薄带凝固组织的影响。研究结果表明:随着熔池高度增加,1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢双辊薄带凝固组织中柱状晶区比例首先增大,然后又逐渐减小。而柱状枝晶取向度和枝晶间距则随着熔池高度的增加而增大,但在较低的熔池高度条件下,柱状枝晶间距在凝固结束时有突然增大的趋势。     

IMPACT OF COAL SURFACE MINING ON THREE OHIO WATERSHEDS - SURFACE-WATER HYDROLOGY1

ABSTRACT: A study was conducted to determine the effects of mining and reclaiming originally undisturbed watersheds on surface-water hydrology in three small experimental watersheds in Ohio. Approximately six years of data were collected at each site, with differing lengths of premining (Phase 1), mining and reclamation (Phase 2), and post-reclamation (Phase 3) periods. Mining and reclamation activities showed no consistent pattern iii base-flow, and caused slightly more frequent higher daily flow volumes. Phase 2 activities can cause reductions in seasonal variation in double mass curves compared with Phase 1. Restoration of seasonal variations was noticeably apparent at one site during Phase 3. The responses of the watersheds to rainfall intensities causing larger peak flow rates generally decreased due to mining and reclamation, but tended to exceed responses observed in Phase 1 during Phase 3. Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) curve numbers increased due to mining and reclamation (Phase 2), ranging from 83 to 91. During Phase 3, curve numbers remained approximately constant from Phase 2, ranging from 87 to 91.     

滨岸缓冲带控制农田氮磷流失的作用和机理研究

农田面源氮磷的流失是导致河流湖泊等水体产生富营养化的主要原因之一,其带来的环境、经济及社会问题已引起国内外广泛关注。近年来,关于滨岸缓冲带截留污染物的效率和机理已成为研究热点。文章介绍了滨岸缓冲带在农业面源污染防治上的功能和作用,论述了滨岸缓冲带对氮磷养分的截留转化机理以及稳定同位素技术在机理研究中的应用,讨论了影响滨岸缓冲带截留转化氮磷养分的调控因子,在此基础上就目前滨岸缓冲带控制农田氮磷流失研究中存在的问题提出了未来的研究展望。     

SEASONAL OCCURRENCE OF ANNUAL FLOODS ON SMALL PENNSYLVANIA WATERSHEDS1

A study is presented of the months in which the instantaneous annual maximum discharges from 66 watersheds occurred. The 2,052 flood values were measured on areas ranging from 2.4 through 214 square miles. The longest record was 60 years; the three shortest were 20. Pictorial results show both the number of floods for each month and individual discharges relative to the mean flood. A parameter which is weighted in this manner accounts for both the incidence and the magnitude of floods. Peculiarities of flood-timing charts, based on this parameter, are discussed with respect to watershed size, soils, geology, and land use. After anomolous watersheds had been assigned to special categories, flood-timing charts from most records exhibit a regional dichotomy dividing eastern from western Pennsylvania.     

含多弱层复合边坡滑坡治理三维数值分析

白音华二号矿滑坡区边坡治理工程是针对稳定性差的南帮非工作帮和南排土场构成的复合边坡进行的。滑坡体受多层弱层控制,治理过程中易导致边坡失稳,所以治理工程采取分区开采的条采方案,充分利用边坡治理的三维效应来进行边坡的失稳破坏研究和稳定性分析。选取滑坡区的典型剖面作为研究对象,基于强度折减方法(SRM),应用有限差分FLAC3D软件,在两种开挖条件下,对含多弱层的复合边坡的稳定性规律和破坏机制进行了数值模拟分析,揭示了多弱层对复合边坡的失稳破坏及稳定性的影响。研究结果表明,治理工程中,弱层被揭露一定宽度,滑体沿煤底板弱层水平错动、竖直方向拉裂破坏;随弱层暴露宽度的增加,边坡稳定性明显降低,说明治理边坡具有三维效应;开挖至3-3煤层底板,开挖坡角20°,弱层暴露宽度为400m,边坡的稳定系数刚好达到安全储备系数1.1,建议矿方首选此方案,可以最大限度的回收煤炭资源。     

Efficacy of Vegetated Buffers in Preventing Transport of Fecal Coliform Bacteria from Pasturelands

An experimental study was conducted in Tillamook, Oregon, USA, to quantify the effectiveness of edge-of-field vegetated buffers for reducing transport of fecal coliform bacteria (FCB) from agricultural fields amended with dairy cow manure. Installation of vegetated buffers on loamy soils dramatically reduced the bacterial contamination of runoff water from manure-treated pasturelands, but the size of the vegetated buffer was not an important determinant of bacterial removal efficiency. Only 10% of the runoff samples collected from treatment cells having vegetated buffers exhibited FCB concentrations >200 colony forming units (cfu)/100 mL (a common water quality standard value), and the median concentration for all cells containing vegetated buffers was only 6 cfu/100 mL. The presence of a vegetated buffer of any size, from 1 to 25 m, generally reduced the median FCB concentration in runoff by more than 99%. Results for FCB load calculations were similar. Our results suggest that where substantial FCB contamination of runoff occurs from manure-treated pasturelands, it might be disproportionately associated with specific field or management conditions, such as the presence of soils that exhibit low water infiltration and generate larger volumes of runoff or the absence of a vegetated buffer. Buffer size regulations that do not consider such differences might not be efficient or effective in reducing bacterial contamination of runoff.     

村庄下倾斜煤层条带开采方法研究

针对我国"三下"(建筑物下、水体下、铁路下)压煤条带开采的实际情况,根据国内外有关条带开采的实践经验和技术要求,采用极限强度理论和压力拱理论对村庄下倾斜煤层条带开采进行了分开采深度设计,计算得出了条带开采的采出宽度和保留宽度;应用条带开采地表移动参数的模糊优化理论对概率积分法预计参数进行了选取,按照不同的开采深度,对村庄范围内的地表移动和变形值进行预计;根据预计的结果,对计算得出的条带开采尺寸进行检验和优化。研究表明,村庄下分采深条带开采尺寸设计和分采深地表沉陷预计,不仅可以提高地下煤炭资源的采出率,实现村庄在不搬迁情况下安全开采,也可最大限度地减小地下开采对地表建筑物的损害。     

条带开采下沉系数计算与优化设计的神经网络模型

在综合分析条带开采地表下沉系数影响因素的基础上,采用神经网络方法建立了条带开采地表下沉系数的计算模型。模型以国内外成功的条带开采实例为学习训练样本和测试样本,对模型的计算结果与实测值进行了对比分析,分析结果表明,该模型的计算值更接近于实测值。在上述研究的基础上,在给定条带开采采出率的条件下,以条带开采的地表下沉系数最小为原则,运用该模型实现了对条带开采尺寸的优化设计。该研究的成果,为条带开采地表下沉系数的理论计算及条带开采尺寸的优化设计探索出了一种新的方法。     

EFFECTS OF BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON FOREST STREAMWATER QUALITY IN EASTERN KENTUCKY1

ABSTRACT: Forest land managers are concerned about the effects of logging on soil erosion, streamflow, and water quality and are promoting the use of Best Management Practices (BMPs) to control impacts. To compare the effects of BMP implementation on streamwater quality, two of three small watersheds in Kentucky were harvested in 1983 and 1984, one with BMPs, the other without BMPs. There was no effect of clearcutting on stream temperatures. Streamflow increased by 17.8 cm (123 percent) on the BMP watershed during the first 17 months after cutting and by 20.6 cm (138 percent) on the Non-BMP watershed. Water yields remained significantly elevated compared to the uncut watershed 8 years after harvesting. Suspended sediment flux was 14 and 30 times higher on the BMP and Non-BMP Watersheds, respectively, than on the uncut watershed during treatment, and 4 and 6.5 times higher in the 17 months after treatment was complete. Clearcutting resulted in increased concentrations of nitrate, and other nutrients compared to the uncut watershed, and concentrations were highest on the non-BMP watershed. Recovery of biotic control over nutrient losses occurred within three years of clearcutting. The streamside buffer strip was effective in reducing the impact of clearcutting on water yield and sediment flux.     

乘用车不锈钢装饰条耐蚀性能研究

采用化学分析、金相分析、盐雾试验方法研究了市场上几款车型不锈钢装饰条的化学成分、金相组织和耐蚀性能。试验结果显示,SUS430MA BA5和SUS436L耐大气腐蚀性能良好,是理想的装饰条材料,SUS430因含C量高,且不含稳定化元素Nb和Ti,耐蚀性差,不适合用做装饰条。