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1.
T. Lubjuhn Wolfgang Winkel Jörg Thomas Epplen Jörg Brün 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2000,48(1):12-17
One of the most interesting aspects of the mating system of pied flycatchers is the regular occurrence of polygyny. Here we
present data on the reproductive success of polygynously paired pied flycatcher males compared to monogamous males based on
paternity analyses through DNA fingerprinting. Males paired with two females suffered a higher loss in reproductive output
per female compared to monogamous males due to (1) a greater proportion of unhatched eggs in their broods, (2) greater nestling
mortality and (3) a greater probability of being cuckolded. Nevertheless, the number of fledglings was significantly greater
for polygynous males. Based on the number of nestlings that returned for subsequent breeding seasons, however, the reproductive
success of monogamous and polygynous males did not differ significantly. These data raise the question as to why males attempt
polygyny.
Received: 16 August 1999 / Received in revised form: 15 March 2000 / Accepted: 18 March 2000 相似文献
2.
Certainty of paternity covaries with paternal care in birds 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Summary Male investment in parental care has been hypothesized to be affected or not to be affected by their certainty of paternity, depending on the particular assumptions of theoretical models. We used data on paternal care and extra-pair paternity from 52 bird species to determine whether male parental care was related to certainity of paternity. Paternal care was measured as the relative male contribution to nest building, courtship feeding, incubation, and feeding of nestlings, respectively. Males of avian taxa did not provide less parental care during nest building, courtship feeding and incubation if the frequency of extra-pair paternity was high. However, male participation in feeding of offspring was significantly negatively related to the frequency of extra-pair paternity. This was also the case when the effects of potentially confounding variables such as developmental mode of offspring (which may result in males being freed from parental duties), extent of polygyny (which may result in less paternal care), and the frequency of multiple clutches during one breeding season (which may increase the probability of finding fertile females during the nestling period) were controlled statistically. These results suggest that the extent of paternal care has been affected by certainty of paternity, and that sex roles during the energetically most expensive parts of reproduction have been shaped by sperm competition. 相似文献
3.
Factors that affect extra-pair mating in birds are likely to vary across the breeding season. Changing densities of active
nests may alter the opportunities for extra-pair mating, and parental duties may alter a male’s opportunity to guard his mate
from extra-pair mating. The latter affects species with multiple broods, where males care for fledglings from first nests
while females initiate second nests. We studied a population of multi-brooded American robins (Turdus migratorius) to assess how seasonal changes in nesting density and changes in mate-guarding opportunity influenced paternity patterns
over successive breeding attempts. Extra-pair paternity (EPP) occurred in 71.9% of broods and accounted for 48.1% of young.
High nesting densities in the study population may explain the high overall rate of EPP, but seasonal variation in breeding
density did not explain patterns of EPP among nests. Contrary to the predictions of the mate-guarding hypothesis, EPP did
not increase in the second nests that followed successful first nests, and the percentage of extra-pair young in second nests
did not decline as the overlap between successive nests increased. The fact that EPP was actually lower when the interval
between clutches was shorter suggests that the sooner the males can assume sole care of first broods and allow their mates
to renest (indicative of superior paternal quality), the more paternity they realize in the next nest. These results suggest
that mate-guarding opportunity does not influence paternity in this population of American robins and that female robins may
allocate paternity based on their assessment of male parental performance at first nests. 相似文献
4.
Sperm competition or sperm selection: no evidence for female influence over paternity in yellow dung flies Scatophaga stercoraria 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
L. W. Simmons P. Stockley R. L. Jackson G. A. Parker 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1996,38(3):199-206
Recent studies of non-random paternity have suggested that sperm selection by females may influence male fertilization success.
Here we argue that the problems originally encountered in partitioning variation in non-random mating between male competition
and female choice are even more pertinent to interpreting patterns of non-random paternity because of intense sperm competition
between males. We describe an experiment with the yellow dung fly, Scatophaga stercoraria, designed to partition variance in the proportion of offspring sired by the second male, P
2, between males and females, and to control for sperm competition. Large males were shown to have a higher P
2 than small males but P
2 was independent of the size of the female’s first mate. This result might suggest an absolute female preference for large
males via sperm selection. However, large males have a higher constant rate of sperm transfer and displacement. After controlling
for this effect of sperm competition, large males did not achieve higher paternity than small males. We argue that a knowledge
of the mechanism of sperm competition is essential so that male effects can be controlled before conclusions are made regarding
the influence of sperm selection by females in generating non-random paternity.
Received: 4 April 1995 / Accepted after revision: 17 October 1995 相似文献
5.
Male philopatry,extra-pack copulations and inbreeding avoidance in Ethiopian wolves (Canis simensis) 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Claudio Sillero-Zubiri Dada Gottelli D. W. Macdonald 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1996,38(5):331-340
Monogamous pairings have been regarded as the fundamental social unit in all canid species, including those living in packs.
In Ethiopian wolves, however, habitat saturation limits dispersal, which raises the question of whether they avoid inbreeding
and, if so, by what mechanism. In two study areas Ethiopian wolf packs had stable memberships. Each pack comprised two to
eight adult males, one to three adult females, including a clear-cut dominant individual of each sex, together with one to
six yearlings and up to six pups (n = 9 packs). Males remained in their natal packs, apparently throughout their lives. Some females also failed to disperse
while others dispersed in their second or third year and became floaters. Dominant females monopolized breeding, and were
succeeded either by their most dominant daughters (three cases) or by floaters (two cases). In the former case there is potential
for incest; however, 70% of 30 copulations observed were between the dominant female of one pack and a male from an adjoining
pack. In Ethiopian wolves, under conditions where dispersal is constrained and the potential for inbreeding is high, extra-pack
matings (and associated multiple paternity) result in outbreeding. We raise the possibility that extra-pair copulations may
be widespread in canid societies and that the monogamy supposedly fundamental to the family may be more sociological than
genetic.
Received: 15 October 1994/Accepted after revision: 9 December 1995 相似文献
6.
Extra-pair paternity and the opportunity for sexual selection in a socially monogamous bird (Dendroica petechia) 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Stephen M. Yezerinac Patrick J. Weatherhead Peter T. Boag 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1995,37(3):179-188
We used multi-locus DNA fingerprinting to characterise the genetic mating system of the socially monogamous yellow warbler (Dendroica petechia). Over 2 years there were no instances of brood parasitism, but 59% of families (n = 90) contained extrapair sired young and 37% of offspring (n = 355) were of extra-pair paternity. Most hypotheses for extra-pair mating in monogamous species assume a paternity benefit to extra-pair sires, and focus on the benefit(s) to females. However, the assumption of male benefit has been little tested. Among yellow warblers, known extra-pair sires were just as likely to be cuckolded as any male in the population, and there was at least one reciprocal exchange of extra-pair paternity. Nevertheless, among known extra-pair sires, the paternity gains from extra-pair paternity were, on average, greater than the losses in their own families. These results show there is a paternity benefit to certain males. However, the benefit is not absolute but relative and therefore more difficult to measure. The results also suggest that patterns of extra-pair fertilisation are not determined by female choice alone. Most confirmed extra-pair mates were territorial neighbours, but some resided as far as three territories apart, and greater spatial separation was implied in other cases. Thus, the opportunity for extra-pair mating is great. We estimate that as a result of extra-pair fertilisations, variance in male mating success is increased somewhere between 3-fold and 15-fold over that which would result from within-pair reproduction alone. These findings affirm the potential importance of extra-pair reproduction for sexual selection in monogamous species and they support earlier suggestions that extra-territorial forays by male yellow warblers are for the purpose of extra-pair mating. 相似文献
7.
The high frequency of extra-pair paternity in tree swallows is not an artifact of nestboxes 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
C. A. Barber Raleigh J. Robertson Peter T. Boag 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1996,38(6):425-430
A common criticism of nestbox studies is one of creating artificial nesting conditions and breeding behavior different from
what would be seen under natural conditions. We assessed the frequency of extra-pair paternity (percentage of broods with
at least one extra-pair young) in 25 families of tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) nesting in natural cavities and compared it to that in a nestbox population. We found that 84% of females nesting in natural
cavities obtained fertilizations from extra-pair males. These extra-pair males fathered 69% of all nestlings. Studies of tree
swallows breeding in nestboxes have shown that 50–87% of broods contained extra-pair young, with extra-pair males fathering
38–53% of all the young. In broods with extra-pair paternity, natural cavities contained a significantly greater proportion
of extra-pair young than did nestboxes. Despite differences in nesting habitat and female age structure, the frequency of
extra-pair paternity did not differ significantly between the natural-cavity and nestbox populations. Therefore, the presence
of extra-pair paternity in tree swallows is not an artifact of nestboxes or of artificial nesting conditions.
Received: 2 May 1995/Accepted after revision: 14 January 1996 相似文献
8.
Jason Munshi-South 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,62(2):201-212
Monogamy is rare in mammals (<5% spp.) but occurs in greater frequency among primates (15%) and their close relatives, the
treeshrews (100%; Order: Scandentia). Two genetic studies of parentage in monogamous primates revealed high rates of extra-pair
paternity (EPP), but to date parentage has not been studied in a treeshrew species. I analyzed the genetic parentage of 22
offspring from two populations of large treeshrews in Sabah, Malaysia (NE Borneo), using seven autosomal microsatellite loci
and one mitochondrial DNA marker. Half of these offspring were sired by males that were not the presumed partner of the mother
(50% EPP), and three litters exhibited evidence of multiple paternity. However, comparative analysis indicated that the high
rate of EPP in Tupaia tana is not associated with intense sperm competition. Relative testis size of treeshrews was similar to testis size in 22 primate
species with uni-male mating systems but smaller than 44 primates with multi-male mating systems. After factoring out the
effects of body size and phylogeny, I also found that the evolution of multi-male mating systems was significantly associated
with the evolution of larger testis size. Male–female pairs of T. tana occupy joint territories but forage and sleep alone (“dispersed pair-living”), and I argue that this form of behavioral monogamy
renders mate guarding ineffective. The adaptive advantages of behavioral monogamy likely differ from the advantages driving
EPP in large treeshrews. However, small testis size suggests that behavioral monogamy is not masking a dispersed multi-male
mating system in this species. 相似文献
9.
Density and extra-pair fertilizations in birds: a comparative analysis 总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18
Møller and Birkhead (1992, 1993) reported that extra-pair copulations (EPCs) occur more frequently in colonial than dispersed nesting birds. We comprehensively reviewed published data to investigate how breeding density affects extra-pair fertilizations (EPFs). Within species EPFs appeared to increase with density: two of three studies on colonial breeders and six of eight on dispersed nesters showed increases in EPFs with increasing density. However, comparisons among species (n?=?72) revealed no evidence that EPF frequencies correlated with (1) nesting dispersion, (2) local breeding density, or (3) breeding synchrony, even when each of these variables in turn was held constant and phylogenetic relationships were taken into account via contrast analyses. Methodological and biological reasons for the disparity between observational studies of EPCs and molecular genetic analyses of EPFs are discussed. 相似文献
10.
In mammals with solitary females, the potential for males to monopolize matings is relatively low, and scramble competition polygyny is presumed to be the predominant mating system. However, combinations of male traits and mating tactics within this type of polygyny have been described. The main aim of our study was to identify the relative importance of, and interactions among, potential determinants of contrasting male reproductive tactics, and to determine their consequences for male reproductive success in a small solitary nocturnal Malagasy primate, the gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus). We studied their mating behavior over three consecutive annual mating seasons. In addition, we determined the genetic relationships among more than 300 study animals to quantify the reproductive success of individual males. We found that, with a given relatively low overall monopolization potential, successful male mouse lemurs roamed extensively in search of mates, had superior finding ability and mated as early as possible. However, contest competition was important too, as temporary monopolization was also possible. Males exhibited different mating tactics, and heavier males had a higher reproductive success, although most litters had mixed paternities. Switching between tactics depended on short-term local variation in monopolization potential determined by a pronounced dynamic in fertilization probability, number of alternative mating opportunities, and the operational sex ratio. This study also revealed that the dynamics of these determinants, as well as the mutual interactions between them, necessitate a detailed knowledge of the mating behavior of a species to infer the impact of determinants of alternative mating tactics.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at
Communicated by S. AlbertsThis revised version was published online in August 2004 with corrections to Figure 2. 相似文献