黄土高原人工刺槐林土壤团聚体中不同活性有机碳从南到北的变化特征

不同粒径团聚体中的不同活性有机碳对人工林土壤质量改善及碳库动态平衡有重要的作用.本研究在黄土高原地区,从南向北沿着降雨和温度降低梯度选择淳化、安塞、绥德和神木共4个地区,比较研究了人工刺槐林土壤团聚体不同的活性有机碳含量变化及其影响因素.通过湿筛法将土壤团聚体分级为粉黏粒（<0.053 mm）、微团聚体（0.25~0.053 mm）和大团聚体（>0.25 mm）,用Leffory法测定3种粒径土壤团聚体低、中、高活性有机碳含量.结果表明：①4个样区大团聚体（>0.25 mm）含量由南至北呈先降低后增加趋势,微团聚体（0.25~0.053 mm）含量逐渐增加,粉黏粒（<0.053 mm）含量则先增后减.②4个样区中土壤团聚体3种活性有机碳含量大小顺序为低活性 > 中活性 > 高活性,其中,粉黏粒（<0.053 mm）低活性有机碳含量为1.02~1.52 g·kg^-1,中活性有机碳含量为0.53~0.91 g·kg^-1,高活性有机碳含量为0.28~0.43 g·kg^-1;而微团聚体（0.25~0.053 mm）低活性有机碳含量为1.02~2.02 g·kg^-1,中活性有机碳含量为0.46~1.20 g·kg^-1,高活性有机碳含量为0.31~0.85 g·kg^-1;大团聚体（>0.25 mm）低活性有机碳含量为1.08~3.07 g·kg^-1,中活性有机碳含量为0.70~1.96 g·kg^-1,高活性有机碳含量为0.48~1.24 g·kg^-1.③黄土高原人工刺槐林3种粒径团聚体的低、中、高活性有机碳含量主要与年均气温（MAT）、年均降雨量（MAP）、土壤SOC、TN和含水率显著相关（p<0.05）,且在同一活性下,活性有机碳含量与MAT、MAP、土壤TN、SOC、含水率的相关性随着土壤团聚体粒径的增大而越显著.研究结果对理解黄土高原土壤团聚体活性有机碳含量在空间尺度上的变化特征和影响因素具有重要意义.     

不同恢复年限刺槐林土壤碳、氮、磷含量及其生态化学计量特征

地处西秦岭山地的甘肃天水吕二沟小流域土壤侵蚀问题严重,上世纪五六十年代开始,当地政府在研究区实施了多年的生态恢复措施以保持水土,但目前尚未有植被恢复对土壤生态计量特征的系统调查。分析不同林龄人工林土壤碳、氮、磷含量及其生态化学计量特征可在一定程度上揭示土壤养分的限制情况。选取黄土丘陵沟壑区不同生长年限(5、20、40、56 a)的人工刺槐林(Robinia pseudoacacia L.)为研究对象,以荒地为对照,探讨不同恢复年限人工刺槐林0-100 cm土壤碳、氮、磷含量及其生态化学计量特征。结果表明,5年恢复期后,随林龄的增加,土壤有机碳、全氮、C:P比和N:P比均显著增加(P<0.05),平均值分别为5.09 g·kg^-1、0.66 g·kg^-1、9.02、1.18,均低于中国土壤生态计量平均水平;土壤含水率下降,土壤干化明显;土壤容重和C:N比的变化不大(P>0.05);全磷无明显变化规律,均值为0.56 g·kg^-1,接近中国土壤的平均值。长期的植被恢复有利于增加土壤有机碳和全氮含量,但仍需要更长期的人工刺槐林种植来提高土壤肥力。研究区人工恢复水保林水分亏空是限制刺槐生长的重要因素,氮是流域土壤的主要限制性营养元素。本研究有助于当地政府调整植树造林措施、保持土壤质量稳步提升、预防人工林地退化,为人工林管理提供参考。     

The impacts of Robinia pseudoacacia litter cover and roots on soil erosion in the Loess Plateau,China

The impacts of vegetation on soil erosion are closely associated with the combined effects of above- and below-ground components. In this study, we explore the effects and contributions of Robinia pseudoacacia litter cover and roots on soil erosion. Experiment sites under natural conditions with vegetation cover, plant roots and bare ground plots were investigated for overland flow discharges of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0?L?s^?1 and slope gradients of 8.7%, 17.6%, 26.8%, 36.4% and 46.6%. Results indicate that litter cover and roots have a significant impact on sediment reduction; soil loss was reduced by about 57% and plant roots had a greater impact on the reduction of soil erosion than litter cover. The combination of litter cover and plant roots had a significant effect on decreasing K_r, increasing τ_c and consequently strengthening soil resistance capacity to erosion. When plants and roots existed on the slopes, K_r decreased by 81% and 66%, and τ_c increased by 319% and 246%, respectively, in comparison with bare slopes. These results illustrate the importance of high-forest in controlling soil erosion by quantifying the specific contributions of litter cover and plant roots in erosion reduction in the Loess Plateau.     

Assessment of frequent cutting as a plant-community management technique in power-line corridors

Repeated cutting of vegetation at or near ground level in power-line corridors is a common practice for inhibiting tree growth and regeneration. However, few data exist on long-term community responses. In this study, we sampled 20 northern Kentucky power-line corridors and compared their seedling and sapling communities to the edges and interiors of adjacent undisturbed forests. Mean seedling and sapling density in corridors was roughly twice that of adjacent undisturbed forest interiors, suggesting that repeated cutting is not a viable method of inhibiting tree regeneration. Corridor communities were dominated byRobinia pseudoacacia (black locust) andFraxinus americana (white ash), but ordinations indicated strong similaritties among communities in corridors and adjacent forests. Many of the tree species found in adjacent forests, with the exception of a few shade-tolerant species, had highest seedling and sapling densities in corridors. Stump or root sprouting by many species appears to regenerate forests quickly after cutting. However, disturbed soil and detritus accumulations caused by management crews and their equipment may also create a large variety of microsites for seedling establishment. Because repeated cutting selects for dominance by species with highest sprout growth rates, it should not be used as the sole management technique. It may instead be used to alter the vigor, stature, and stored reserves of trees so that herbicides or other methods of tree control can be used more efficiently.     

白榆/刺槐互作条件下土壤与植物养分季节变化

采用盆栽试验对白榆（Ulmus pumila）单作（BB）、刺槐（Robinia pseudocacia）单作（CC）及白榆/刺槐（U.pumila-R.pseudocacia.）互作（BC）（3种互作方式：根系不分隔（N）、根系用尼龙网（L）分隔和根系用塑料膜（P）分隔）及两种施肥方式（施肥处理（F）和不施肥处理（N））下土壤pH值、土壤养分及植株N、P养分吸收总量的季节变化进行了研究。结果表明,不同处理土壤pH值从5—9月呈增加趋势,互作中根系不分隔处理和根系用尼龙网分隔处理降低土壤的pH值效果较明显;各处理w（土壤有机质）在7月份较高,其中施肥处理〉不施肥处理,在3种互作方式中,w（土壤有机质）大小顺序为：根系不分隔〉根系用尼龙网分隔〉根系用塑料模分隔;随着季节的变化,不同处理土壤销态氮含量呈降低趋势。在白榆、刺槐整个生长期内,w（NH4＋-N）占绝大部分,w（NO3--N）极少,由此说明在白榆、刺槐整个生长期吸收的氮素形态主要是NH4＋-N。不同处理白榆、刺槐植株的N、P养分吸收总量从5月到9月呈现不断增加趋势,至9月达到最大。互作植物N、P养分吸收总量均高于其相应的单作,但不同互作方式对N、P养分吸收总量的变化不同。在3种互作方式中,改善土壤养分状况及植株N、P养分吸收总量的最优互作方式为根系不分隔施肥处理（BCNF）。     

黄土丘陵区人工刺槐林土壤有机碳矿化特征及其与有机碳组分的关系

为了探讨黄土丘陵区人工林有机碳矿化特征及有机碳组分变化规律,选择恢复13 a的人工刺槐林以及临近坡耕地为研究对象,开展3种不同温度处理(15、25和35℃)下的室内培养实验.结果表明,土壤有机碳矿化速率表现出先剧烈下降后平稳的趋势;有机碳累计释放量表现为培养初期增加迅速,后期逐渐缓慢;坡耕地土壤有机碳矿化对温度的变化更为敏感,其温度敏感性系数Q₁₀为1.52,而刺槐林地仅为1.38.通过单库一级动力学方程拟合可知刺槐林地和坡耕地土壤矿化潜力C_p分别在2.02～4.32g·kg^-1和1.25～3.17g·kg^-1之间,即刺槐林的矿化潜力更高.培养期内各种活性有机碳组分含量变化规律一致,均表现为随时间延长而下降,且刺槐林地大于坡耕地,土壤累计碳释放量与MBC和DOC含量均呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05),Q₁₀(15～25℃)与SOC、 EOC含量和SWC均呈线性关系(P<0.05).研究结果可为气候变化下黄土丘陵区土壤碳固存研究提供一定参考.     

香花槐组培苗快繁体系的建立及工厂化育苗的主要影响因素

建立了香花槐组培苗快繁无性系．在改良MS培养基中添加ρ(6-BA)／mg L^-1=0．35～0．5、ρ(NAA)／mg L^-1=0．05～0．08，ρ(GA3)／mg L^-1=0．07～0．1作为生长培养基．在丛生芽诱导培养基中，ρ(6-BA)／mg L^-1=0．8～1．4，其余成分同生长培养基．两种培养方法同时使用，保证了组培苗繁殖系数为5左右．生根培养基中大量元素为MS基本培养基的1／4，ρ(IBA)／mg L^-1=0．1～0．5、ρ(IAA)／mg L^-1=1．7～2．5，香花槐组培苗的生根率为90％．炼苗后组培苗的移栽成活率为85％，且植株表型未见变异．将MS基本培养基中硝酸钾的含量由1.9g／L提高至2．199～2．931g／L，可满足每代香花槐试管苗生长25～35d期间对钾的需求．将培养基中6-BA的含量降至0．4mg／L，并采用合适的组培容器，在连续培养2、3代后，可将超度含水态苗的发生频率控制在10％以下，在6mo内生产100万株香花槐组培移栽苗．图1表1参16     

盐渍地刺槐体内Na的积累和分布

研究了Na在不同树龄刺槐(Robiniapseudoacacia)地下部分和地上部分的分布,以及刺槐地下部分Na含量与对应土层Na含量的关系。在长时间盐胁迫下,大量Na盐进入刺槐体内,随着生长时间的增加,Na盐积累量骤然增加。刺槐地下部分Na的绝对含量和积累速率显著高于地上部分。随着根系不断向土层深处伸延,刺槐根部Na含量显著增加。本研究揭示了在高盐环境中,刺槐通过调节Na在植物体内的分配,以减少Na+的生理毒害,提高其对高盐胁迫的耐受性。     

土法炼锌区基质改良对刺槐生长的影响

植被重建是废弃地污染控制的有效途径.通过苗圃盆栽试验和田间植被重建试验,研究了不同改良措施对贵州省赫章县土法炼锌污染场地土壤理化特性、重金属含量特征和刺槐（Robinia pseudoacacia）生长特性的影响,探索废弃地植被重建限制因子和基质改良途径.研究表明,废渣上植被重建的限制因子主要表现为盐碱胁迫,全氮、碱解氮和全钾含量低,重金属含量高,持水保水能力差.废渣中Pb、Zn和Cd含量高,但其活性较低.新废渣中添加矿区土壤,可导致pH值和电导率（EC）降低,盐碱胁迫减缓,持水能力提高,并显著提高刺槐在新废渣上的生长和生存能力,是废渣基质改良的有效方式.废渣经过长期淋溶后,盐碱胁迫强度显著降低,土壤有效水分增加.添加保水剂或矿区土壤能有效促进刺槐在老废渣上定植.     

Effects of soil water and nitrogen availability on photosynthesis and water use efficiency of Robinia pseudoacacia seedlings

The efficient use of water and nitrogen (N) to promote growth and increase yield of fruit trees and crops is well studied.However,little is known about their effects on woody plants growing in arid and semiarid areas with limited water and N availability.To examine the effects of water and N supply on early growth and water use efficiency (WUE) of trees on dry soils,one-year-old seedlings of Robinia pseudoacacia were exposed to three soil water contents (non-limiting,medium drought,and severe drought) as well as to low and high N levels,for four months.Photosynthetic parameters,leaf instantaneous WUE (WUEi) and whole tree WUE (WUEb) were determined.Results showed that,independent of N levels,increasing soil water content enhanced the tree transpiration rate (Tr),stomatal conductance (Gs),intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci),maximum net assimilation rate (Amax),apparent quantum yield (AQY),the range of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) due to both reduced light compensation point and enhanced light saturation point,and dark respiration rate (Rd),resulting in a higher net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and a significantly increased whole tree biomass.Consequently,WUEi and WUEb were reduced at low N,whereas WUE i was enhanced at high N levels.Irrespective of soil water availability,N supply enhanced Pn in association with an increase of Gs and Ci and a decrease of the stomatal limitation value (Ls),while Tr remained unchanged.Biomass and WUEi increased under non-limiting water conditions and medium drought,as well as WUEb under all water conditions;but under severe drought,WUEi and biomass were not affected by N application.In conclusion,increasing soil water availability improves photosynthetic capacity and biomass accumulation under low and high N levels,but its effects on WUE vary with soil N levels.N supply increased Pn and WUE,but under severe drought,N supply did not enhance WUEi and biomass.