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Kelly M. Cobourn Hannah J. Burrack Rachael E. Goodhue Jeffrey C. Williams Frank G. Zalom 《Journal of Environmental Economics and Management》2011,62(2):278-289
A modeler must often rely on highly simplified representations of complex physical systems when analyzing associated economic issues. Herein, we consider a management problem in which a bioeconomic system exhibits simultaneity in processes governing productivity and damage. In this case, it may benefit the producer to sacrifice productivity to reduce the costs associated with increased damage. We specify empirically a structural damage relationship that explains the biological process by which an invasive species damages a host and estimate the structural model and its reduced form with an exceptional dataset on infestation of olives by the olive fruit fly. We contrast the results of these models with the approach typically taken in the economic literature, which expresses damage as a function of pest density. The population-based approach introduces significantly greater bias into the individual grower's choice of damage-control inputs than estimates based on the structural model. 相似文献
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针对零星居民点的污水处理,开发了射流曝气周期活性污泥法工艺.它是一种连续进水、周期性间歇曝气的改良型SBR工艺,也是一种时间程序和空间程序相结合的污水处理工艺,具有良好的脱氮除磷效果.试验表明,在水力负荷4 m3/d,曝气周期为每2 h曝气15 min、静置105 min的条件下,出水COD为48.8~53.5 mg/L,去除率达79.4%~80.5%;出水TN为2.81~3.98 mg/L,去除率达82.4%~89.4%;出水NH3-N为0.36~0.78 mg/L,去除率高达96.4%~98.4%;出水TP为0.63~1.18 mg/L,去除率为67.2%~78.9%,均可达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)中的一级B排放标准. 相似文献
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A novel process for a simultaneous removal of ammonia and organics was developed on the basis of ion exchange and biological reactions. From batch experiments, it was found out that NH4+ could be removed effectively by combining cation exchange and biological nitrification showing 0.98 mg N/m2?s of a maximum flux. On the other hand, the removal of NO3− was 3.5 times faster than NH4+ and the maximum flux was calculated to be 3.4 mg N/m2?s. The systems for NH4+ and NO3− removal were combined for establishing the IEBR process. When the process was operated in a continuous mode, approximately 95.8% of NH4+ was removed showing an average flux of 0.22 mg N/m2·s. The removal efficiency of total nitrogen was calculated as 94.5% whereas that of organics was 99.5%. It was concluded that the IEBR process would be effectively used for a simultaneous removal of NH4+ and organics. 相似文献
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Brooke E. Buckley Walter W. Piegorsch R. Webster West 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2009,16(1):53-62
In modern environmental risk analysis, inferences are often desired on those low dose levels at which a fixed benchmark risk
is achieved. In this paper, we study the use of confidence limits on parameters from a simple one-stage model of risk historically
popular in benchmark analysis with quantal data. Based on these confidence bounds, we present methods for deriving upper confidence
limits on extra risk and lower bounds on the benchmark dose. The methods are seen to extend automatically to the case where
simultaneous inferences are desired at multiple doses. Monte Carlo evaluations explore characteristics of the parameter estimates
and the confidence limits under this setting.
相似文献
R. Webster WestEmail: |
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R. Webster West Daniela K. Nitcheva Walter W. Piegorsch 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2009,16(1):63-73
A primary objective in quantitative risk assessment is the characterization of risk which is defined to be the likelihood
of an adverse effect caused by an environmental toxin or chemcial agent. In modern risk-benchmark analysis, attention centers
on the “benchmark dose” at which a fixed benchmark level of risk is achieved, with a lower confidence limits on this dose
being of primary interest. In practice, a range of benchmark risks may be under study, so that the individual lower confidence
limits on benchmark dose must be corrected for simultaneity in order to maintain a specified overall level of confidence.
For the case of quantal data, simultaneous methods have been constructed that appeal to the large sample normality of parameter
estimates. The suitability of these methods for use with small sample sizes will be considered. A new bootstrap technique
is proposed as an alternative to the large sample methodology. This technique is evaluated via a simulation study and examples
from environmental toxicology.
相似文献
R. Webster WestEmail: |
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The sol–gel method was used to synthesize a series of metal oxides-supported activated carbon fiber (ACF) and the simultaneous catalytic hydrolysis activity of carbonyl sulfide (COS) and carbon disulfide (CS2) at relatively low temperatures of 60°C was tested. The effects of preparation conditions on the catalyst properties were investigated, including the kinds and amount of metal oxides and calcination temperatures. The activity tests indicated that catalysts with 5 wt.% Ni after calcining at 400°C (Ni(5)/ACF(400)) had the best performance for the simultaneous catalytic hydrolysis of COS and CS2. The surface and structure properties of prepared ACF were characterized by scanning electron microscope-energy disperse spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), carbon dioxide-temperature programmed desorption (CO2-TPD) and diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared reflection (DRFTIR). And the metal cation defects were researched by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) method. The characterization results showed that the supporting of Ni on the ACF made the ACF catalyst show alkaline and increased the specific surface area and the number of micropores, then improved catalytic hydrolysis activity. The DRFTIR results revealed that -OH species could facilitate the hydrolysis of COS and CS2; -COO and -C–O species could facilitate the oxidation of catalytic hydrolysate H2S. And the EPR results showed that high calcination temperature conditions provide more active reaction center for the COS and CS2 adsorption. 相似文献
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Performance of a full-scale anoxic-oxic activated sludge treatment plant(4.0×10~5 m~3/day for the first-stage project) was followed during a year.The plant performed well for the removal of carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus in the process of treating domestic wastewater within a temperature range of 10.8℃ to 30.5℃.Mass balance calculations indicated that COD utilization mainly occurred in the anoxic phase,accounting for 88.2% of total COD removal.Ammonia nitrogen removal occurred 13.71% in the anoxic zones and 78.77% in the aerobic zones.The contribution of anoxic zones to total nitrogen(TN) removal was 57.41%.Results indicated that nitrogen elimination in the oxic tanks was mainly contributed by simultaneous nitrification and denitrification(SND).The reduction of phosphorus mainly took place in the oxic zones,51.45% of the total removal.Denitrifying phosphorus removal was achieved biologically by 11.29%.Practical experience proved that adaptability to gradually changing temperature of the microbial populations was important to maintain the plant overall stability.Sudden changes in temperature did not cause paralysis of the system just lower removal efficiency,which could be explained by functional redundancy of microorganisms that may compensate the adverse effects of temperature changes to a certain degree.Anoxic-oxic process without internal recycling has great potential to treat low strength wastewater(i.e.,TN 35 mg/L) as well as reducing operation costs. 相似文献