Will polycentric cities cause more CO2 emissions? A case study of 232 Chinese cities

From 2000 to 2010 China experienced rapid economic development and urbanization. Many cities in economically developed areas have developed from a single-center status to polycentricity. In this study, we used exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) to identify the population centers, which identified 232 cities in China as having urban centers. COMP was used to represent urban agglomeration, and POLYD (representing how far is the city's sub-centers to the main center), POLYC (representing the number of a city's centers), and POLYP (representing the population distributed between the main center and the sub-centers) were used to indicate urban polycentricity. Night light data were used to determine the CO₂ emissions from various cities in China. A mixed model was used to study the impact of urban aggregation and polycentric data on the CO₂ emission efficiency in 2000 and 2010. The study found that cities with higher compactness were distributed in coastal areas, and the cities with higher multicentricity were distributed in the Yangtze River Delta and Shandong Province. The more compact the city was, the less conducive it was to improving CO₂ emission efficiency. Polycentric development of the city was conducive to improving the CO₂ emission efficiency, but the number of urban centers had no significant relationship with the CO₂ emission efficiency. Our research showed that the compactness and multicentricity of the city had an impact on the CO₂ emission efficiency and provided some planning suggestions for the low carbon development of the city.     

吉林省城市紧凑度与城市效率的时空演变及相关性

紧凑城市理念被认为可以有效提高城市经济发展效率,减少城市在开发建设、资源配置等方面的低效率。为探究我国城市紧凑度和城市效率的时空演变及两者间的相关性,本研究以吉林省地级及以上城市为研究对象,研究时间段选择为2000—2013年。研究主要分为三个部分。第一部分,运用熵值法,对吉林省地级及以上城市的紧凑度时空演变特征进行研究,研究发现,吉林省城市紧凑度平均水平较低,并且空间分布极不均衡,受区位和经济发展水平影响较大,高紧凑度城市基本位于哈大城市走廊一线。第二部分运用DEA数据包络模型,对吉林省城市效率演变特征进行研究,结果显示,吉林省城市效率在经过了长期的反复波动后于2012年步入快速增长阶段,受多种因素影响,各城市全要素生产率增长节奏迥异,但都表现出与技术进步一致的变动性,城市经济发展对新技术、新的生产要素投入的依赖较大,资源利用效率整体较低。第三部分运用R语言对吉林省城市紧凑度与城市效率的相关性进行了研究,两者间存在极弱的相关性,接着借助象限图法得出两者在不同时间段内存在一定程度的同步性,紧凑度提升时大部分城市的城市效率会出现提升,紧凑度的下降不一定有效引起城市效率同步下降。     

卫生填埋场黏土衬层密实性试验研究

开展卫生填埋场中的黏土衬层密实性试验研究对填埋场的工程设计和后期运营具有现实意义.黏土压实的直接影响之一就是孔隙率的减小,并改变黏土的电阻率,为高密度电阻率法在衬层密实性中的调查研究提供了前提条件和物理基础.文章采用高密度电阻率法三种装置(测深、温纳、偶极-偶极)进行对比测量,通过电阻率成像技术对压实黏土的电性特征进行...     

紫色土区不同土地利用类型土壤紧实度特征

以重庆市沙坪坝区杨家沟小流域为例,选取6种土地利用类型样地进行试验,研究紫色土区不同土地利用类型的土壤紧实度特征,为土壤质量评价和土地资源管理提供参考。通过多重比较检验分析土壤紧实度随土壤深度的变化规律以及不同土地利用类型下的差异,结果表明:(1)6种土地利用类型的土壤紧实度值为竹林地园地灌木林地林地草地旱地;(2)6种土地利用类型的土壤紧实度均随土壤深度增加而增大,但各类之间变化差异较大;(3)同土层而言,0~10cm土层旱地与其它5种土地利用类型的土壤紧实度有显著性差异(p0.05),但各种土地利用类型间底层土壤紧实度差异不明显;不同土层而言,0~10cm土层与其它3个土层有显著性差异(p0.05),由于0~10cm土层受耕作、踩踏等外力扰动与其它土层差异较大。10~20cm土层与其它3个土层也有显著性差异(p0.05)。其它各土层之间差异不明显。不同土地利用类型的土壤紧实度差异较大,主要与人类活动扰动程度有关。     

土壤有机质和侵蚀对土壤松紧度的影响

本文对土壤的松紧度进行了定量调查和分析,应用回归分析方法研究了土壤有机质含量与土壤松紧度的关系,讨论了土壤侵蚀和人畜践踏对土壤松紧度的影响。     

成渝城市群紧凑度与碳排放强度时空演变及协调发展

研究成渝城市群紧凑度与碳排放强度的时空演变及协调发展水平,对于实现社会绿色低碳高质量发展至关重要.运用综合评价、碳排放恒等式、耦合协调度和地理探测器等方法对2010~2020年成渝城市群紧凑度与碳排放强度的时空分异、协调发展和驱动因素进行分析.结果表明:①成渝城市群紧凑度持续上升,从2010年的0.18升至2020年的0.22,总体增长22.22 %,其中经济紧凑度的贡献率逐年增强.各城市紧凑度区域差异显著,高值区集中在城市群西北部的成都、德阳和绵阳以及西南部的自贡、内江和泸州,低值区分布在中部,雅安是城市群内紧凑度最低的地区.②成渝城市群碳排放强度逐年降低,在研究期内下降幅度达39.57 %,城市群南部的碳排放强度整体高于其他区域,成都和重庆两市常年为低值区,碳排放强度的区域差异在逐渐缩小.③城市紧凑度与碳排放强度的耦合度从拮抗阶段转为磨合阶段,耦合协调度从2010年的0.21升至2020年的0.69,两系统逐渐走向良性协调发展.城市群西北部（成都、德阳和绵阳）与川南两市（自贡和泸州）的耦合协调度整体较高.产业结构、科技创新、城镇化水平、政府干预和环境宜居对两系统的耦合协调度都具有显著影响.④优化产业结构、强化科技支撑、提升城镇化发展质量、实施积极的政策引导和建设绿色屏障是促进成渝城市群紧凑度与低碳度协调发展的有效途径.     

Optimal design of compact and connected nature reserves for multiple species

When designing a conservation reserve system for multiple species, spatial attributes of the reserves must be taken into account at species level. The existing optimal reserve design literature considers either one spatial attribute or when multiple attributes are considered the analysis is restricted only to one species. We built a linear integer programing model that incorporates compactness and connectivity of the landscape reserved for multiple species. The model identifies multiple reserves that each serve a subset of target species with a specified coverage probability threshold to ensure the species' long‐term survival in the reserve, and each target species is covered (protected) with another probability threshold at the reserve system level. We modeled compactness by minimizing the total distance between selected sites and central sites, and we modeled connectivity of a selected site to its designated central site by selecting at least one of its adjacent sites that has a nearer distance to the central site. We considered structural distance and functional distances that incorporated site quality between sites. We tested the model using randomly generated data on 2 species, one ground species that required structural connectivity and the other an avian species that required functional connectivity. We applied the model to 10 bird species listed as endangered by the state of Illinois (U.S.A.). Spatial coherence and selection cost of the reserves differed substantially depending on the weights assigned to these 2 criteria. The model can be used to design a reserve system for multiple species, especially species whose habitats are far apart in which case multiple disjunct but compact and connected reserves are advantageous. The model can be modified to increase or decrease the distance between reserves to reduce or promote population connectivity.     

城市空间结构紧凑与土地利用效率耦合分析——以南京市为例

城市可持续发展一直是城市地理学和城市规划关注的热点。以南京市为例,测度了城市空间结构紧凑度和城市土地利用效率,并探讨二者的关系。得出以下结论:(1)南京市2002、2007和2012年的城市空间结构均属于较不紧凑状态,且呈下降趋势;"中心区"紧凑度高,且呈上升趋势,城市内部填充与城市外围蔓延扩张现象并存。(2)2002~2012年南京市城市土地利用效率属于中等水平,且呈下降趋势,南京市各区城市土地利用效率差异明显。(3)城市空间结构紧凑通过距离和交通可达性来影响城市内部要素在空间的分布,最终影响城市土地利用效率。基于此,在城市发展过程中应加强城市内部空间合理组织,尤其是加强对交通设施的投入,促进城市要素在空间上的合理分布与流通,提高城市土地利用效率。     

Size structure of urban agglomerations in China: rationality evaluation,patterns, and implications

ABSTRACT

This paper establishes a diagnostic model for assessing the rationality of size structure of urban agglomerations (UAs) in China. The model is designed to determine from a three-dimensional index including size distribution index (SDI), size compactness index (SCI), and size efficiency index (SEI). The spatio-temporal pattern of size structure involving the studied 19 UAs and its implications are explored. The results indicate that size structure of China’s UAs advanced from a low rationality development stage to a moderate rationality development stage in 1995–2015. Among them, the SDI and SEI were reasonably high, and the SCI was relatively low. Spatially, the high rationality UAs were distributed across eastern China, while the low rationality UAs were located in western China. UAs with positive size structure possessed typically a dual- or multicenter urban structure, while UAs with negative size structure usually presented as a single-center structure. The evolutionary trajectories of rationality of size structure of UAs can be summarized as four different stages. Our findings suggest that, in addition to consolidating the status of national-level UAs, the development of regional-level UAs should be promoted. Also, the fostering focus and direction should be oriented toward an UA with dual- or multicenter spatial structure.     

中国省会城市紧凑度与城镇化水平关系

紧凑型城市建设作为新时期有效避免城市无序蔓延发展、提升城市发展质量和实现土地资源高效利用的新途径,探明城市紧凑度与城镇化的关系对实现城市可持续发展至关重要。基于此,以中国30个省会城市和直辖市为研究对象,综合运用熵值法和容量耦合系数模型测度省会城市紧凑度和城镇化的综合水平,并分析了二者的耦合协调关系。结果发现:（1）2006-2016年间中国省会城市紧凑度东、中、西部地区依次递减,东部省会城市水平最高,整体紧凑度随时间呈增长趋势;（2）高低紧凑度城市逐渐减少,中低紧凑度城市逐渐成为主体;（3）我国大多数省会城市紧凑度与城镇化关系整体以濒临协调为主,总体由失调状态向协调状态演变。