Mobilities and leachabilities of heavy metals in sludge with humus soil

Chemical forms of Zn, Ni, Cu, and Pb in municipal sewage sludge were investigated by adding humus soil to sludge and by performing sequential extraction procedures. In the final sludge mixtures, Zn and Ni were mainly found in Fe/Mn oxide-bound (F3) and organic matter/sulfide-bound (F4) forms. For Zn, exchangeable (F1), carbonate-bound (F2), and F3 forms were transformed to F4 and residual forms (F5). For Ni, F1 and F2 forms were transformed to F1, F2, and F3 forms. Both Cu and Pb were strongly associated with the stable forms F4 and F5. For Cu, F2 and F3 forms were major contributors, while for Pb, F3 and F4 forms were major contributors to F5. Humus soil dosage and pH conditions in the sludge were strongly correlated with the forms of heavy metals. Five forms were used to evaluate metal mobilities in the initial and final sludge mixtures. The mobilities of the four heavy metals studied decreased after 28 days. The metal mobilities in the final sludge mixtures were ranked in the following order: Ni > Zn > Cu = Pb. Leaching tests showed that the mobilities of Zn and Ni in lower pH conditions (pH 4) were higher than those in higher pH conditions (pH 8).     

城市垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的形态及酸浸出性研究

研究了城市垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属形态在不同粒径上的分布,以及HNO3对飞灰中重金属的浸出性.结果表明:飞灰中重金属主要以残渣态存在,可交换离子态含量很少;易挥发性的重金属在较大粒径上有较高分布,亲石性重金属Cr和Ni的分布与粒径的相关性不大,在各粒径上的分布较均匀;飞灰中以碳酸盐结合态存在的重金属对酸不稳定,易被HNO3浸出,而残渣态部分对酸较稳定,不易被HNO3浸出.     

稳定剂对电解锰废渣中高浓度可溶性锰稳定效果的影响

为满足大宗废渣经济性处理的需要,从碱性物质、磷酸盐、碳酸盐类药剂筛选出“物美价廉”稳定剂,考察了CaO、MgO和Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2及其与NaHCO3和Na3PO4的组合对电解锰废渣中的可溶性锰的稳定化效果,并采用矿物组成分析、锰价态分析和形态变化探讨可溶性锰固定机理.结果表明:投加10%MgO锰渣中可溶性锰固定率达到100%,9%CaO+5%NaHCO3和9%CaO+5%Na3PO4的组合实现可溶性锰固定率95%以上.上述3组稳定剂将可溶性Mn2+先转变为沉淀态锰进一步转变为高价态含锰物相.后两组中NaHCO3或Na3PO4的加入促进了Mn2+向Mn3+、Mn4+的转化.     

生活垃圾焚烧底渣中重金属和多环芳烃的浸出实验研究

随着生活垃圾焚烧处理方式的不断推广，焚烧底渣的产生量也不断增加。按照我国的固体废物分类方法，底渣属于一般固体废物，无需进一步处置而可直接进入环境。实验结果表明，底渣中的重金属和多环芳烃可以被浸出而迁移进入环境。重金属的浸出浓度受到水相pH值和底渣粒度的影响，初期的浸出浓度最大。在底渣浸出液中，可以检测到8种环数≤4的多环芳烃，其中菲的浸出浓度最大（超过10ng／mL）。实验结果显示，底渣中的多环芳烃对环境造成的二次污染比较严重。     

污泥中氮磷在灰潮土上的淋滤特性研究

污泥土地利用时,其中富含的氮、磷可能会对地下水造成污染.本研究通过测定模拟土柱淋洗液,分析了两种污泥中氮、磷在灰潮土中的迁移性.测定项目包括:pH、EC、硝态氮、全磷.结果表明,土壤淋洗液的pH变化不大,电导率、硝态氮、全磷则明显增大,并随淋洗次数的增多逐渐恢复到空白水平,而且淋洗液的电导率与硝态氮和全磷间存在较好的正相关关系.施用量程桥污泥控制在30%,竹园污泥在10%以内就不会对地下水造成氮、磷污染.     

Characterization, leachability and valorization through combustion of residual chars from gasification of coals with pine

This paper presents the study of the combustion of char residues produced during co-gasification of coal with pine with the aim of characterizing them for their potential use for energy. These residues are generally rich in carbon with the presence of other elements, with particular concern for heavy metals and pollutant precursors, depending on the original fuel used.The evaluation of environmental toxicity of the char residues was performed through application of different leaching tests (EN12457-2, US EPA-1311 TCLP and EA NEN 7371:2004). The results showed that the residues present quite low toxicity for some of pollutants. However, depending on the fuel used, possible presence of other pollutants may bring environmental risks.The utilization of these char residues for energy was in this study evaluated, by burning them as a first step pre-treatment prior to landfilling. The thermo-gravimetric analysis and ash fusibility studies revealed an adequate thermochemical behavior, without presenting any major operational risks.Fluidized bed combustion was applied to char residues. Above 700 °C, very high carbon conversion ratios were obtained and it seemed that the thermal oxidation of char residues was easier than that of the coals. It was found that the char tendency for releasing SO₂ during its oxidation was lower than for the parent coal, while for NO_X emissions, the trend was observed to increase NO_X formation. However, for both pollutants the same control techniques might be applied during char combustion, as for coal. Furthermore, the leachability of ashes resulting from the combustion of char residues appeared to be lower than those produced from direct coal combustion.     

铜冶炼高砷烟尘浸出特性研究

以水为浸取剂,浸出铜冶炼过程中产生的高砷烟尘(砷质量分数为15.06%),研究了反应温度(T)、反应时间(t)、液固比(L/S)、pH值等因素对As、Pb、Zn浸出率的影响,并采用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等表征方法分析了原料及浸出渣的微观结构,揭示了高砷烟尘中As、Pb、Zn物相的溶解机理。结果表明,以Pb_2As_2O_7和(Fe,Zn)_3(AsO_4)_2·8H_2O存在形态为主的高砷烟尘浸出特性受液固比、pH值的影响十分显著,而受反应温度、反应时间的影响很小。在T=50℃、t=30 min、L/S质量比=10∶1、pH=1.0、搅拌速度300 r/min的条件下,Pb浸出率小于0.5%,As浸出率为93%,Zn浸出率为95%。XRD和SEM结果表明,在强酸性条件下,烟尘中的Pb_2As_2O_7物相可溶解释放Pb~(2+)和AsO_4~(3-),而生成的Pb~(2+)可与液相SO_4~(2-)反应生成PbSO_4沉淀,进而降低Pb的浸出率;(Fe,Zn)_3(AsO_4)_2·8H_2O溶解释放出Zn~(2+)和AsO_4~(3-),可进一步提高As和Zn的浸出率。     

两种医疗垃圾焚烧炉的灰渣特性研究

为评价医疗垃圾焚烧灰渣对环境的危害性及寻找安全有效的处理方法,利用X-射线荧光光谱仪、X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜、原子吸收光谱仪等仪器分别对回转窑式、固定床式医疗垃圾焚烧炉的布袋飞灰及底渣进行化学成分、物相、微观形貌、重金属含量及渗沥行为等特性分析.结果发现,回转窑式和固定床式布袋飞灰热灼减率分别为31.2%、34.6%,两者Cl、SO3和碱金属含量均较高,主要物相为CaSO4和NaCl,且Cd、Zn、Pb等重金属渗沥浓度均超过危险废物填埋允许限值,其渗沥行为可能与布袋飞灰的不规则多孔海绵状微观形貌有一定关系;2种底渣主要由复杂硅酸盐构成,其渗沥浓度低于危险废物规定的阈值.因此,2种布袋飞灰经预处理后方能进入危废填埋场填埋,2种底渣可按一般工业固废直接填埋.     

生态水泥中重金属测定方法研究

生态水泥中的重金属问题已经成为制约水泥回转窑混烧废物技术发展的重要因素。文章从总量及浸出性质两个方面分析了现有的重金属测定方法,并通过试验分析了各方法的特点与适用性。试验结果表明:(1)荧光光谱法是最优的总量测定方法;(2)目前我国常用的浸出毒性测定方法不适用于水泥体系;(3)长期浸泡方法可用于测定特定条件下重金属的长期浸出性。这些结论为制定水泥窑混烧危险废物技术的标准与规范提供理论依据。     

Immobilization of some metals in contaminated sludge by zeolite prepared from local materials

In this study, zeolite was prepared from cheap local Egyptian clay (kaolin) and characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, SEM. The prepared zeolite was used as a binder for immobilization of the metals Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Pb²⁺, and Zn²⁺ in contaminated sewage sludge. Different leaching tests were conducted to determine the efficiency of the prepared zeolite for metal stabilization. The leaching of the metals from stabilized sludge decreased as the zeolite amount increased. It was found that 10% of zeolite is sufficient for the stabilization of all metal ions under investigation. It was suggested that the metal uptake mechanism by zeolite was by an ion-exchange mechanism. Examination of the solidified sample for its compressive strength after curing for 28 days yielded a value of 0.83?MPa, which indicates that the treated sludge was well solidified and safe to be used in a wide variety of applications, for instance as a raw material for pavement blocks.