能源作物甜高粱对镉污染农田的修复潜力研究

通过田间控制试验,研究在不同镉污染条件下甜高粱对镉的吸收和积累规律,并采用先进固态发酵(ASSF)技术对甜高粱进行能源化利用,阐明能源植物甜高粱对镉污染农田的修复潜力.结果表明:甜高粱对镉具有较强的吸收能力和耐性,在不同浓度的镉处理条件下,均可以完成正常生育期(167 d),但当土壤镉含量达到33 mg·kg~(-1)时其生长受到显著抑制.在甜高粱植株内,根部的镉浓度最高,呈现根茎叶籽粒的分布特点,单株镉的积累量最高可达到0.84 mg(土壤镉含量为18 mg·kg~(-1)).甜高粱对镉的吸收与土壤中的镉含量具有显著的线性关系(P0.05),随着土壤中镉含量的增加显著增加,但是镉处理对甜高粱茎秆的糖和水分含量,以及发酵过程中糖利用率和乙醇转化率均没有影响.因此,在镉污染农田上种植甜高粱,可以确保生产的产品不进入食物链而进入能源产业链,既可以生产生物乙醇的原材料,产生经济效益,又可以吸收土壤中镉,实现对镉污染农田的边生产边修复.     

以红薯浸泡液为碳源的生物反硝化

为选择低碳氮比污水生物脱氮中合适的碳源,以搅拌罐浸泡淀粉类物质释放碳源,在确定利用红薯浸泡液为碳源后,以浸没式生物滤池为反应器进行生物反硝化实验。实验结果表明:20 g红薯置于2 L自来水中,采用250 r/m in的搅拌速度,搅拌频率为每搅拌3 h停1 h,2 d后得到的浸泡液COD浓度平均为5 921 mg/L,最高可超过7 000 mg/L;将此红薯浸泡液和污水以1∶50的流量比例,采用分别投加的方式进入反应器,污水中总氮、硝酸盐氮、亚硝酸盐氮及氨氮的平均去除率分别为88.6%、91.6%、88.2%和54.8%,出水COD平均在30 mg/L以下;在红薯浸泡液COD浓度为5 700 mg/L左右时,进水中亚硝酸盐氮浓度与硝酸盐氮浓度比为3∶2时总氮去除率为95.3%,当该比例为2∶3时总氮去除率为88.2%。研究表明,红薯浸泡液是一种经济合适的碳源,采用红薯浸泡液作为低碳氮比污水生物处理中反硝化的碳源是可行的。     

Biomass and nutrient concentration of sweet corn roots and shoots under organic amendments application

Two field experiments were conducted at the Waimanalo research station on the island of O'ahu, Hawaii to study the effect of chicken (CM) and dairy (DM) manures on biomass and nutrient concentration in sweet corn roots and shoots. Sweet corn (super sweet 10, Zea Mays L. subsp. mays) was grown for two consecutive growing seasons under four rates of application (0, 168, 337, and 672 kg ha^{? 1} total N equivalent) and one time (OTA) or two time (TTA) applications of organic manure types and rates. There were significant effects of types, rates, and number of manure applications on dry biomass and macro- and micro-nutrient concentration in roots and shoots tissues. Results of root tissue indicated a significant accumulation of N and C under CM and DM treatments compared with the control treatment. Manure application rates significantly increased the accumulation of N and C in root tissue. Dry weight of roots and shoots and both macro- and micro-nutrient contents in the plant tissues significantly increased under TTA treatment compared with OTA treatment. There was a significant correlation (r² = 0.46 to 0.81) between root biomass, macro-, and micro-nutrient contents during both growing seasons. The results of the study indicates that amending soils with CM at the highest application rate provided the best crop performance in terms of root and shoot biomass, crop N, C, and other macro- and micro-nutrients.     

采果期甜椒氮素营养特性及分配规律

利用^15N示踪技术研究了水培甜椒果实收获期间吸收的氮素在体内的动态分配规律。结果表明：甜椒果实收获期间营养器官与生殖器官干物质积累动态呈一平行的线性增长趋势，果实干物质积累量于始采期以后开始超过叶片，而果实氮素积累到盛采期才超过叶片，果实含氮量在整个采果期间保持稳定，随生长发育，叶片含氮迅速下降，盛采期时与果实和根相近，且均高于茎和侧枝，始采期通过根吸收的标记态氮主要贮存在叶片与果实中，叶片、果实是甜椒始采用氮素分配的最主要器官。此后，叶片和根成为主要的氮素输出器官，而果实则成为主要的输入器官。研究发现，甜椒体内的氮即使一度成为结合态，能能够被再度输出，但是，氮素在植株体内滞留的时间越长，越难以再度向外输出，并且不同器官输出的难易程度也是不相同的，比较而言，叶片和根中一度成为结合态的氮素容易被再交输出，甜椒果实是氮的强力库，氮素竞争力最强。     

玉米套种堆作甘薯增产机理的研究

玉米套种“堆作甘薯”能充分利用光能，并降低土壤容重、增加孔隙度和提高三相比中的气相容积，同时使土壤热容量、导热率和热扩散率降低，昼夜温差增大，因此能明显提高甘薯的产量和品质。     

钙对甜樱桃贮藏品质、钙形态及细胞超微结构影响

研究了氯化钙（Chlo-Ca）、螯合钙（Che-Ca）和纳米钙（Nano-Ca）对甜樱桃Cerasus pseudocerasus（Lind l.）G.Don贮藏品质及钙形态的影响,并采用焦锑酸钾沉淀-透射电子显微镜观察了不同钙处理樱桃贮藏后果肉细胞的超微结构特点。结果表明,Che-Ca处理提高了果实硬度,且有效的抑制了樱桃贮藏后硬度的降低和VC的消耗,但对果实采摘时维生素C含量影响差异不显著。3种钙处理增加了樱桃可溶性固形物的含量,对可溶性糖、可滴定酸和糖/酸影响较小。喷钙处理樱桃的全钙、水提取钙（H2O-Ca）、乙醇提取钙（ALc-Ca）的含量均有不同程度增加。樱桃果肉中的钙主要以ALc-Ca的形式存在,且Che-Ca处理中的ALc-Ca所占比例要显著高于Chlo-Ca和Nano-Ca处理。贮藏后NaCl溶液提取钙（NaCl-Ca）、H2O-Ca和ALc-Ca含量下降,醋酸提取钙（HAC-Ca）和盐酸溶液提取钙（HCl-Ca）的含量有所上升。贮藏60d后的樱桃细胞超微结构照片显示对照处理的细胞壁有断裂,细胞膜系统部分消失,细胞内较干净,且少部分细胞有收缩现象,3种钙处理,细胞壁结构比较完整,发现较多的黑色物质存在,不均衡的分布于细胞壁、细胞膜、液泡膜和线粒体等系统中。     

A comparison of pretreatments on release of sugars from sweet sorghum bagasse for bioethanol production

Dilute acid pretreatment and steam pretreatment were evaluated for maximum sugars release and ethanol production from sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB). The fermentation potential of the condensate and hydrolysate obtained from steam pretreatment (10 kg/cm², 10 minutes) and dilute acid hydrolysis (1% (w/w) sulphuric acid, 25% substrate loading) respectively, was checked with Pichia stipitis NCIM 3497 and Debaryomyces hansenii sp. Ethanol production and yield using acid hydrolysate was higher with Debaryomyces hansenii sp. (28.4 g/L and 0.37 g/g respectively) as compared with Pichia stipitis NCIM 3497 (21.9 g/L and 0.29 g/g respectively).     

甜椒穴盘苗对不同程度水分胁迫-复水的生理生化响应

对温室甜椒穴盘苗进行水分处理,探讨了不同程度水分胁迫-复水过程中叶片生理生化特性的变化.叶片相对含水量(RWC)、渗透势随基质水分减少而降低,渗调能力逐步增强.POD、SOD、CAT酶活性随水分减少而上升,SOD对水分胁迫最敏感,复水后主要由POD、CAT负责清除H2O2和过氧化物.游离氨基酸、脯氨酸随基质水分减少急剧上升,复水后大幅下降,可能为水分胁迫下主要渗透调节物质.水分胁迫下,甜椒叶片可溶性蛋白主要降解为氨基酸的形式参与渗透调节.RWC降至45%(停水后d3)时,可溶性糖显著积累,但明显晚于氨基酸,但它基础含量高,主要在较为严重的水分胁迫时发挥作用.尽管水分胁迫使保护酶活性和渗透调节能力均提高,但任何程度的胁迫均不可避免伤害幼苗.穴盘苗生产中,建议“水分胁迫锻炼”时间以不超过3d逐步达到RWC≥45%为宜.图4表2参12     

河南省甘薯产业化发展对策研究

甘薯高产稳产、抗逆性强、营养丰富又有保健功能,是入世后中国农产品参与国际竞争的强势作物。通过对河南省甘薯的生产现状与优势进行分析,针对生产中存在的主要问题,提出了河南省甘薯产业化发展的对策和建议。     

Dissipation,half-lives,and mass spectrometric identification of endosulfan isomers and the sulfate metabolite on three field-grown vegetables

Endosulfan 3 EC, a mixture of α- and β-stereo isomers, was sprayed on field-grown pepper, melon, and sweet potato plants at the recommended rate of 0.44 kg A.I. acre^?1. Plant tissue samples (leaves, fruits, or edible roots) were collected 1 h to 30 days following spraying and analyzed for endosulfan isomers (α- and β-isomers). Analysis of samples was accomplished using a gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with a mass detector in total ion mode. The results indicated the formation of endosulfan sulfate as the major metabolite of endosulfan sulfite and the relatively higher persistence of the β-isomers as compared to the α-isomer. The initial total residues (α- and β-isomers plus endosulfan sulfate) were higher on leaves than on fruits. On pepper and melon fruits, the α-isomer, which is the more toxic to mammals, dissipated faster (T_1/2 = 1.22 and 0.95 d, respectively) than the less toxic β-isomer (T_1/2 = 3.0 and 2.5 d, respectively). These results confirm the greater loss of the α-isomer compared to the β-isomer, which can ultimately impact endosulfan dissipation in the environment. Additionally, the higher initial residues of endosulfan on pepper and sweet potato leaves should be considered of great importance for timing field operations and the safe entry of harvesters due to the high mammalian toxicity of endosulfan.