膨润土对复合污染中表面活性剂的吸附及机理

选取阳离子表面活性剂氯化十六烷基吡啶(CPC)、阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)及非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100(TX-100)为代表,研究了其在膨润土上的吸附行为,探讨了膨润土阳离子交换容量(CEC)、温度、盐度对CPC吸附的影响.结果表明,Na基膨润土对CPC的吸附性能最好,对SDBS基本无吸附,对TX-100的吸附介于两者之间.Na基膨润土对CPC的吸附是阳离子交换和疏水键缔合共同作用的结果,对TX-100的吸附主要是通过其与膨润土硅氧表面间的氢键作用,同时通过疏水键作用形成吸附双分子层;SDBS在Ca基膨润土上的吸附损失量先增大后减小,在1.5倍临界胶束浓度 (CMC)时达到极大值,主要机理是SDBS与膨润土中的Ca²⁺产生沉淀作用,而胶束具有再溶解沉淀的作用.膨润土对CPC的吸附量随着温度升高而降低,随着CEC的增大而增大,一定浓度NaCl的加入有利于其在膨润土上的吸附.     

经济快速增长地区污水排放特征案例分析

以深圳为例，探索经济快速增长地区污水排放特征，重点关注不同组合 企业污水排放与区域整体排污特征的响应关系“特征企业组合”，可以作为衡量区域整体排污特征的特征指标。     

季戊四醇酯的生物降解评估研究

根据用评估润滑油生物降解性的CEC测试方法，对新型冷冻机的润滑油基础油季戊四醇酯的生物降解性以及添加剂对其的影响进行评估，并结合红外光谱讨论季戊四醇酯的生物降解规律。     

模拟酸雨对森林红壤中铝的溶出及不同土层酸度变化的影响

为进一步探明酸沉降对森林红壤及生态环境的影响，模拟长沙地区降水酸度及离子组成，采用浸泡试验对两种森林红壤活性铝的释出及土壤理化性质的变化进行了研究。结果表明，模拟酸雨浸泡初期，土壤活性铝的释出量随浸泡次数的增加而增加，原始土壤pH值愈低，活性铝释出愈多；强酸度、高离子浓度（AR4）模拟酸雨对土壤中活性铝的溶出量远大于基础酸雨（AR3）及弱酸、低离子浓度酸雨（AR2）和对照酸雨（AR1）。模拟酸雨酸度愈大，对土壤pH值的影响愈明显，不同土层间，以A层土壤pH值下降最明显，B、C层土壤则下降较小。模拟酸雨模拟浸泡土壤25年后，土壤阳离子交换量均有不同程度下降，有机质含量高，原土壤阳离子交换量大的土壤下降幅度也大。     

酸化对茶园黄棕壤CEC和粘土矿物组成的影响

用采自江苏溧阳种茶13 a和34 a的茶园黄棕壤表土和种茶54 a的茶园土壤剖面研究了酸化对土壤黏土矿物组成和阳离子交换量（CEC）的影响。结果表明：种茶13 a和34 a,表层土壤发生明显酸化,但土壤2∶1型黏土矿物的质量分数和CEC均与荒地土壤相似,说明酸化没有对黏土矿物转化和CEC产生明显影响。但种茶54 a后土壤发生进一步酸化,表层和表下层土壤pH降至3.79和3.70。土壤2∶1型黏土矿物质量分数随采用深度的增加而增加,高岭石质量分数呈相反的变化趋势。说明表层和表下层土壤的严重酸化加速土壤2∶1型黏土矿物向1∶1型高岭石的转化,这导致表层和表下层土壤CEC显著减小。     

崇明岛滨岸滩地植物系统中重金属元素的分布累积与相互关系

以滩地几种常见大型植物为研究对象,系统地分析了Cd及Ni在芦苇、海三棱草和互花米草系统中的分布与累积,以及Cd,Ni,K及Ca 4种重金属元素在芦苇中的相互关系.结果表明:Cd及Ni在芦苇、海三棱草和互花米草根部的累积程度较高,约占总量的50%以上.w(Cd)在3种植物不同器官中均为根>茎>叶. 3种植物等量的地下部分中互花米草的阳离子交换量(CEC)可能最高; 互花米草各器官对Cd及Ni的累积能力均强于芦苇和海三棱草. 芦苇地下部分对K及Ca的吸收可以促进Ni的吸收与累积,但同时对Cd的吸收与累积却有一定的阻碍作用;茎中K及Ca与Ni及Cd均表现为一定的拮抗作用;在芦苇体中营养元素K及Ca呈一定的协同作用. 以w(Cd)及w(Ni)在上海市土壤分级标准中的相关背景值为参考,崇明岛滨岸滩地植物系统根际土壤中的w(Cd)及w(Ni)整体上处于清洁水平.      

Wild fire impact on copper, zinc, lead and cadmium distribution in soil and relation with abundance in selected plants of Lamiaceae family from Vidlic Mountain (Serbia)

Fire has been considered as an improving factor in soil quality, but only if it is controlled. Severe wild fire occurred in the summer 2007 on the Vidlic Mountain (Serbia) overspreading a huge area of meadows and forests.Main soil characteristics and content of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn) in different fractions obtained after sequential extraction of soil from post-fire areas and from fire non disturbed areas were studied. In four plant species of Lamiaceae family (Ajuga genevensis L., Lamium galeobdolon (L.) L., Teucrium chamaedrys L., Acinos alpinus (L.) Moench.), that grow in typical habitats of the mountain, distribution of heavy metals in aerial parts and roots was investigated too.For all samples from post-fire area cation exchange capacity and soil organic matter content are increased while rH is decreased. Fire caused slightly increased bioavailability of the observed metals but more significant rise happened in metal amounts bound to oxides and organics. The plants showed variable behavior. T. chamaedrys collected on the post-fire area contained elevated concentrations of all analyzed metals. A. alpinus showed higher phytoaccumulation for Zn and Cd, while the other two plant species for Pb and Cd in the post-fire areas.     

不同镉水平下纳米沸石对土壤pH、CEC及Cd形态的影响

通过室内培养试验及土培试验研究了不同镉水平（1、5、10和15 mg·kg^-1）下纳米沸石和普通沸石对土壤pH、CEC及Cd形态的影响.结果表明,室内培养试验中,施用沸石（5、10和20 g·kg^-1）均显著提高了不同镉（1、5、10和15 mg·kg^-1）处理中的土壤pH和土壤CEC值,降低了土壤可交换态镉含量,增加了碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化态、有机态和残渣态镉含量,以纳米沸石（20 g·kg^-1）对土壤可交换态镉的降低效果最好.土壤pH、土壤CEC与土壤可交换态镉含量呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）,与铁锰氧化态镉含量均呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）.土培试验中,在1 mg·kg^-1和5 mg·kg^-1 Cd条件下,施用沸石（5、10和20 g·kg^-1）使土壤可交换态镉FDC降低了6.4%~63.2%,使大白菜地上部去离子水提取态镉和乙醇提取态镉的分配比例分别降低了2.1%~56%和11.8%~100%,相同沸石使用量下的降低效果以纳米沸石优于普通沸石.在1 mg·kg^-1 Cd条件下,大白菜地上部镉形态的FDC与土壤CAB-F和OM-F的FDC有显著相关性（P<0.05）;在5 mg·kg^-1 Cd条件下,大白菜地上部镉形态的FDC主要与土壤OM-F和RES-F形态的FDC存在显著相关性（P<0.05）.     

Pollution profiles and physicochemical parameters in old uncontrolled landfills

The long-term effectiveness of the geological barrier beneath municipal-waste landfills is a critical issue for soil and groundwater protection. This study examines natural clayey soils directly in contact with the waste deposited in three landfills over 12 years old in Spain. Several physicochemical and geological parameters were measured as a function of depth. Electrical conductivity (EC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), Cl⁻, NH₄⁺, Na⁺ and exchangeable NH₄⁺ and Na⁺ were used as parameters to measure the penetration of landfill leachate pollution. Mineralogy, specific surface area and cationic-exchange capacities were analyzed to characterize the materials under the landfills. A principal component analysis, combined with a Varimax rotation, was applied to the data to determine patterns of association between samples and variables not evident upon initial inspection. The main factors explaining the variation in the data are related to waste composition and local geology. Although leachates have been in contact with clays for long time periods (13-24 years), WSOC and EC fronts are attenuated at depths of 0.2-1.5 m within the clay layer. Taking into account this depth of the clayey materials, these natural substrata (>45% illite-smectite-type sheet silicates) are suitable for confining leachate pollution and for complying with European legislation. This paper outlines the relevant differences in the clayey materials of the three landfills in which a diffusive flux attenuation capacity (A_c) is defined as a function (1) of the rate of decrease of the parameters per meter of material, (2) of the age and area of the landfill and (3) of the quantity and quality of the wastes.     

模拟氮沉降对土壤酸化和土壤盐基离子含量的影响

在温室内对1年生盆栽杉木幼苗进行模拟试验,以研究氮沉降对土壤酸化和土壤盐基离子含量的影响.以NH4NO3为外加氮源,设置5种处理,分别为N0(对照,0 g m-2 a-1,以N计,下同)、N1(6 g m-2 a-1)、N2(12 g m-2 a-1)、N3(24 g m-2 a-1)和N4(48 g m-2 a-1),每处理重复6次.经过18个月的处理后,对盆栽土壤进行取样分析.结果显示,随着氮沉降量的增加,土壤pH值逐渐下降,而土壤交换性酸度和交换性Al3+则不断增加.经N1、N2、N3和N4处理后,土壤交换性盐基总量分别下降6.29%、8.94%、10.07%和10.38%,土壤阳离子交换量分别下降5.07%、7.27%、8.53%和8.83%.随氮沉降量的增加,土壤NH4+-N、NO3--N含量逐渐增加.低氮处理(N1、N2)使土壤交换性K+、Ca2+、Mg2+含量增加,而高氮处理(N3、N4)则呈相反趋势.氮沉降由于增加了土壤活性氮的含量,加速了土壤酸化,从而导致了盐基离子的淋失.图3表3参41