Shewanella oneidensis MR-1对硫化汞的生物利用性研究

在实验室模拟条件下,研究了铁还原菌奥奈达希瓦式菌Shewanella oneidensis MR-1对固态硫化汞的生物溶解、生物甲基化作用及其影响因素.结果表明,铁还原菌S.oneidensis MR-1在含硫培养基中生长良好,低浓度硫素能够促进其生长,高浓度时细菌生长则受到抑制,这种抑制主要表现在菌株生长曲线迟缓期的延长;铁还原菌S.oneidensis MR-1能够利用固态硫化汞,促进其溶解并迅速进行汞甲基化;在S.oneidensis MR-1的耐硫化物范围内,菌株对硫化汞的生物溶解作用随着硫化钠浓度的增大而增强,但生物甲基化作用只在低浓度硫化钠时受到促进,硫化钠浓度过高时则会受到抑制;此外,弱酸性环境比酸性及中碱性的环境更有利于S.oneidensis MR-1对硫化汞的生物溶解及甲基化.     

温度与pH对生物合成施氏矿物在酸性环境中溶解行为及对Cu2+吸附效果的影响

探析施氏矿物在不同温度、pH下的溶解行为,对其在酸性煤矿废水(ACMD)重金属去除领域的应用具有重要的工程指导意义.本研究通过摇瓶实验,在0.16mol·L-1FeSO4·7H2O,初始pH为2.5的酸性体系中,采用氧化亚铁硫杆菌A.ferrooxidans催化合成施氏矿物.考察了15℃与30℃,pH为2.0$6.0环境条件下矿物的溶解行为,及生物合成施氏矿物对酸性体系Cu2+的吸附去除效果.研究结果表明,经过24h反应,施氏矿物合成体系pH从原始2.50降低至2.18,体系Fe2+氧化完全,27.3%的铁离子参与矿物的合成,矿物分子式可表示为Fe8O8(OH)4.22(SO4)1.89.生物合成施氏矿物在温度为15℃,pH分别为3.2、3.0、2.8、2.6、2.4、2.2与2.0液态体系中振荡72h,矿物溶解率分别为1.92%、3.34%、5.90%、13.09%、28.74%、44.53%与61.46%.在温度为30℃的上述酸度体系中,矿物溶解率在相应时间却达到2.04%、3.98%、8.34%、20.53%、43.50%、96.74%与99.92%.在pH≥3.5的不同温度液态体系中该矿物无溶解迹象.在15℃,pH为6.0、5.0、4.5、4.0与3.5,Cu2+浓度为40mg·g-1的液态体系中,生物合成施氏矿物对Cu2+的吸附量为(50.9±2.2)、(47.3±13.3)、(40.5±4.7)、(31.1±5.0)及(16.9±6.5)mg·g-1.体系酸度一定,施氏矿物在15℃与30℃条件下对Cu2+的吸附效果无显著差异.本研究结果对生物合成施氏矿物在ACMD重金属去除工程应用提供必要的参数支撑.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential environmental impact of dissolution of raw phosphate in sea water of the Gulf of Aqaba

Dissolution of raw phosphate (apatite) in sea water of the Gulf of Aqaba was investigated through lab incubation experiments. Three types from three different sources (Al-Hasa, Al-Abyad and Esh-Shydiya) have been used for these experiments. Impact of quantity, grain size, and source (type) of raw phosphate on dissolution rate were studied. Statistical analysis shows significant differences between the results obtained from comparing each two weights; as weight of apatite increased, dissolved inorganic phosphate-phosphorus (DIP) and fluoride in sea water solution increased. The differences between the dissolution rates of raw phosphate from the three sites were not significant while the differences between the different grain size fractions were significant. Dissolution rates were inversely related to particle size. Using a worst-case scenario, a conservative estimate of the maximum increase in DIP in seawater of the Gulf of Aqaba due to the apatite particles lost to the sea during ship loading resulted in DIP concentrations of 0.03 μM per year. As the residence time of the water in the Gulf of Aqaba is about one year, the DIP concentration will not increase by more than 0.03 μM under the estimated annual quantity of exported phosphate. Fluoride will not increase by more than 0.03 mg/l under the same conditions.     

电磁波加载回流污泥对A2O厌氧池功能的影响

基于电磁波加载污泥的生物效应和溶出效应,将A²O系统的回流污泥进行电磁波加载,以期从微生物群落结构变化角度考察其对系统中厌氧池功能的影响.结果表明,电磁波加载回流污泥后,污泥絮体分解,细胞破壁;回流污泥中C、N、P的溶出效应显著.与加载前对比,厌氧池中TP富集效果更明显,富集率由122.9%增至152.2%;TN、COD去除率分别由7.3%、58.8%上升为32.1%和65.4%.MiSeq焦磷酸测序分析表明,回流污泥经电磁波加载后,厌氧池微生物群落的丰度增加,但其微生物多样性降低.碳源得到补充,厌氧池中微生物的代谢活性明显提高,活菌数量增加.厌氧池中富集了Zoogloea、Tolumonas、Dechloromonas等菌属.     

Decomposition of silicate minerals by Bacillus mucilaginosus in liquid culture

The extraction of K⁺ and SiO₂ from silicate minerals by Bacillus mucilaginosus in liquid culture was studied in incubation experiments. B. mucilaginosus was found to dissolve soil minerals and mica and simultaneously release K⁺ and SiO₂ from the crystal lattices. In contrast, the bacterium did not dissolve feldspar. B. mucilaginosus also produced organic acids and polysaccharides during growth. The polysaccharides strongly adsorbed the organic acids and attached to the surface of the mineral, resulting in an area of high concentration of organic acids near the mineral. The polysaccharides also adsorbed SiO₂ and this affected the equilibrium between the mineral and fluid phases and led to the reaction toward SiO₂ and K⁺ solubilization. These two processes led to the decomposition of silicate minerals by the bacterium.     

土壤中氧化铁的有机还原溶解动力学

研究了土壤中的氧化铁被两种酚化合物还原而溶解的动力学，结果表明，在ｐＨ恒定和有机还原剂过量的情况下，氧化铁的还原溶解符合一级反应动力学方程，还原溶解速率大小与土壤中氧化铁的结晶形态有关．氧化锰的存在影响着氧化铁的还原溶解，在存在足够的还原剂的条件下，两者可同时还原．实验中求得黄壤和赤红壤中氧化铁的还原溶解反应对［Ｈ＋］的反应级数分别为０．１２６和０．１７４。土壤中氧化铁的还原溶解是一个受表面反应控制的过程，反应的速率控制步骤是表面的电子转移反应，磷酸根在土壤中的吸附占据了氧化铁表面的反应位，因而明显抑制还原溶解反应．     

Mass balance modeling of arsenic processes in cropland soils

This study delineated the mathematical forms for the reactions involved in the mass balance of As in cropland soils. Even mathematically simplified, many model parameters are required to define the reactive processes involved. Example simulations were conducted based on the range of parameter values and initial conditions derived from published literature. The outcomes showed that the As inputs due to fertilizers and irrigation water caused total As content of the root zone to gradually increase over time. The plant uptake and leaching were equally important as pathways for removal of the added As. In turn, the dissolution kinetics of the mineral phase and the distribution coefficient of the adsorbed phase affected the availability of the As for plant uptake and leaching. Parameters based on laboratory-derived data on the dissolution of As mineral phase, mineralization and oxidation of As(III), and the As plant uptake however appeared to overestimate the As transformations in soils. While the development of mathematical model was a straightforward process, its application to realistic situations was hindered by difficulties of defining model parameter values with confidence. Current knowledge on the processes and reactions of As transformation in the soil–plant system is inadequate to calibrate or validate the model. Studies are needed to understand the kinetics of soil As mineral dissolution and precipitation and the dynamics of root growth and As uptake by plant in soils.     

Intercomparison of reactive transport models applied to UO2 oxidative dissolution and uranium migration

Oxidative dissolution of uranium dioxide (UO₂) and the subsequent migration of uranium in a subsurface environment and an underground waste disposal have been simulated with reactive transport models. In these systems, hydrogeological and chemical processes are closely entangled and their interdependency has been analyzed in detail, notably with respect to redox reactions, kinetics of mineralogical evolution and hydrodynamic migration of species of interest.Different codes, where among CASTEM, CHEMTRAP and HYTEC, have been used as an intercomparison and verification exercise. Although the agreement between codes is satisfactory, it is shown that the discretization method of the transport equation (i.e. finite elements (FE) versus mixed-hybrid FE and finite differences) and the sequential coupling scheme may lead to systematic discrepancies.     

不同活化条件下粉煤灰中锂的酸碱溶出特性

粉煤灰提取氧化铝作为其资源高值利用的重要途径之一引起广泛关注.由于粉煤灰中还含有一定丰度Li（锂）元素,在提取氧化铝的同时实现Li的协同提取对于进一步提高粉煤灰的资源利用效益意义重大.为认识粉煤灰中Li的溶出特性,分别考察了原粉煤灰、CaO煅烧活化粉煤灰和Na₂CO₃煅烧活化粉煤灰中Li在酸性溶液和碱性溶液中的溶出特性,并采用XRD（X-射线衍射）分析了粉煤灰浸取前后的物相变化,结合Li溶出率的变化,阐释了Li在不同浸出条件下溶出率差异的原因.结果表明:在相同浸出温度（100℃）下粉煤灰直接在酸性溶液和碱性溶液中的溶出率相对较低,分别仅为28%和36%;而经CaO和Na₂CO₃活化后粉煤灰中Li的溶出率显著提高,活化后粉煤灰中Li在酸性溶液中的溶出率可达到98%和86%,均高于碱性溶液中Li的溶出率（86%和67%）.XRD的分析结果进一步表明,部分Li可能赋存于非晶相或晶相表面,这部分Li易于被酸或碱直接浸出;部分Li可能镶嵌在莫来石、石英等晶相内部,不易被溶出,经CaO和Na₂CO₃助剂活化后,部分Li又重新嵌入到钙黄长石、霞石等新生成物相的晶格中,而这些物相更易于与酸反应,因而酸性溶液中Li的溶出率普遍高于碱性溶液中的结果.