A study on the orbit of air temperature movement

In this paper, we describe an air temperature movement by mapping its time series to the polar coordinates: the value of the time series is plotted on the radial coordinate and the time on the angular coordinate. In this way, both the yearly and daily air temperature movements from five different locations of China are used to demonstrate that, in an intuitionistic view, air temperature movement is neither random nor chaotic, but has its own orbit. We then propose an elliptic orbit model for the air temperature movement. Our proposed model provides quite good results when it is applied to the evaluation of yearly air temperature movements in eight locations in various parts of the world, and the evaluation of daily air temperature movements in five locations in Hunan Province of China on December 17, 2005. Results show that our approach provides a concise and helpful model for air temperature analysis.     

Rapid amino acid cycling in arctic and antarctic soils

Amino acids constitute one of the largest inputs of organic nitrogen (N) to most polar soils and have been hypothesized to be important in regulating vegetational succession and productivity in Arctic ecosystems. Our understanding of amino acid cycling in these soils, however, is poor. The aim of this study was to investigate the size and rate of turnover of the amino acid pool in a range of Arctic and Antarctic soils. Our results indicate that in polar soils with either high or low ornithogenic inputs the amino acid pool is small in comparison to the inorganic N pool (NO^–₃ and NH⁺₄). The free amino acid pool constituted only a small proportion of the total dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) pool in these soils. Here we show that these low concentrations may be due to rapid use by the soil microbial community in both Arctic and Antarctic soils. The turnover of the amino acid pool in soil was extremely rapid, with a half-life ranging from 2 to 24 h, indicating that this N pool can be turned over many hundred times each summer when polar soils are frequently unfrozen. The implications of amino acids in N cycling and plant and microbial nutrition are discussed.     

Conservation implications of physiological carry‐over effects in bats recovering from white‐nose syndrome

Although it is well documented that infectious diseases can pose threats to biodiversity, the potential long‐term consequences of pathogen exposure on individual fitness and its effects on population viability have rarely been studied. We tested the hypothesis that pathogen exposure causes physiological carry‐over effects with a pathogen that is uniquely suited to this question because the infection period is specific and time limited. The fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans causes white‐nose syndrome (WNS) in hibernating bats, which either die due to the infection while hibernating or recover following emergence from hibernation. The fungus infects all exposed individuals in an overwintering site simultaneously, and bats that survive infection during hibernation clear the pathogen within a few weeks following emergence. We quantified chronic stress during the active season, when bats are not infected, by measuring cortisol in bat claws. Free‐ranging Myotis lucifugus who survived previous exposure to P. destructans had significantly higher levels of claw cortisol than naïve individuals. Thus, cryptic physiological carry‐over effects of pathogen exposure may persist in asymptomatic, recovered individuals. If these effects result in reduced survival or reproductive success, they could also affect population viability and even act as a third stream in the extinction vortex. For example, significant increases in chronic stress, such as those indicated here, are correlated with reduced reproductive success in a number of species. Future research should directly explore the link between pathogen exposure and the viability of apparently recovered populations to improve understanding of the true impacts of infectious diseases on threatened populations.     

Applications of Very High‐Resolution Imagery in the Study and Conservation of Large Predators in the Southern Ocean

The Southern Ocean is one of the most rapidly changing ecosystems on the planet due to the effects of climate change and commercial fishing for ecologically important krill and fish. Because sea ice loss is expected to be accompanied by declines in krill and fish predators, decoupling the effects of climate and anthropogenic changes on these predator populations is crucial for ecosystem‐based management of the Southern Ocean. We reviewed research published from 2007 to 2014 that incorporated very high‐resolution satellite imagery to assess distribution, abundance, and effects of climate and other anthropogenic changes on populations of predators in polar regions. Very high‐resolution imagery has been used to study 7 species of polar animals in 13 papers, many of which provide methods through which further research can be conducted. Use of very high‐resolution imagery in the Southern Ocean can provide a broader understanding of climate and anthropogenic forces on populations and inform management and conservation recommendations. We recommend that conservation biologists continue to integrate high‐resolution remote sensing into broad‐scale biodiversity and population studies in remote areas, where it can provide much needed detail. Aplicaciones de Imágenes de Muy Alta Resolución en el Estudio y Conservación de Grandes Depredadores en el Océano Antártico     

涡流澄清池与网格澄清池处理的对比试验研究

针对传统水力循环澄清池运行中所遇到的混凝效率低、出水水质差、抗冲击负荷能力弱等瓶颈问题,该试验通过对涡流澄清池与网格澄清池的启动、除浊效果、产水能力、抗冲击负荷能力进行平行对比试验,研究了涡流澄清池实际运行效果,确定了涡流澄清池的最佳运行工况及相关设计参数,为微涡流澄清技术在水厂改造、净水装置研发及其他工程应用提供设计参数支持和推广应用依据。     

金华地区PM2.5中的极性有机示踪物

用GC/MS,对金华地区3个采样点、四个季节,225个PM_(2.5)样品中10种极性有机示踪化合物进行了分析,包括天然源:3个异戊二烯SOA示踪物、1个α-蒎烯SOA示踪物和2个真菌孢子示踪物,和人为源:1个甲苯SOA示踪物、3个生物质燃烧示踪物.结果表明,异戊二烯SOA示踪物浓度为3.41~48.50 ng·m~(-3),α-蒎烯SOA示踪物浓度为2.45~25.40 ng·m~(-3),甲苯SOA示踪物为4.75~39.80 ng·m~(-3).各SOA示踪物均有明显的季节变化,其中,异戊二烯SOA示踪物呈夏季秋季≈春季冬季,α-蒎烯SOA示踪物夏季春季≈秋季冬季,甲苯SOA示踪物秋季夏季春季冬季.估算得出甲苯SOC对OC的贡献为3.03%~24.50%,而来源于生物质燃烧的有机碳对OC的贡献可以达到1.23%~42.80%.表明人为源排放前体物的二次转化以及生物质燃烧是金华地区大气细颗粒物污染的重要来源.     

安徽嘉山台的多极距电阻率观测

利用1990年以来安徽嘉山台的多极距电阻率观测资料进行反演分析，结果显示： 嘉山台的浅层(第一层)电阻率变化幅度最大，认为是受气象和灌溉等因素的干扰； 第二层变化幅度迅速减小； 第三层变化平稳； 深层(第四层)电阻率变化幅度比二、 三层大，可能与层厚为∝有关，原因尚须进一步研究。     

新型烟囱节能、环保、防腐技术特征分析

对新型烟囱技术特征和流场结构的分析认为:由于切向进气,烟气形成旋涡,流动阻力低于普通烟囱,压力损失减少,所以更节能;流场中心形成负压,水、雾等比尘粒小,但比空气大(重)的轻质组分集中在中轴地带随烟气排出,不会腐蚀内壁;因为旋涡流动的存在,提升了烟气排放高度,有更好的环保效果.     

Effects of ecological factors on the diurnal activity rhythm of Yakutian black-capped marmots (Marmota camtschatica bungei) in the arctic

It is established that the activity of marmots (the genusMarmota) on the surface is timed to the daylight period. In the Arctic, under conditions of continuous illumination (the polar day), the diurnal rhythm of black-capped marmotsMarmota camtschatica bungei on the surface has a “daylight” pattern. The main external regulator of the diurnal rhythm is the altitude of the sun above the horizon. In the cold period, however, the effect of air temperature on animal activity becomes stronger.