Cytotoxicity of the soluble and insoluble fractions of atmospheric fine particulate matter

Inhaled atmospheric fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5)) includes soluble and insoluble fractions,and each fraction can interact with cells and cause adverse effects.PM_(2.5) samples were collected in Jinan,China,and the soluble and insoluble fractions were separated.According to physiochemical characterization,the soluble fraction mainly contains watersoluble ions and organic acids,and the insoluble fraction mainly contains kaolinite,calcium carbonate and some organic carbon.The interaction between PM_(2.5) and model cell membranes was examined with a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation(QCM-D) to quantify PM_(2.5) attachment on membranes and membrane disruption.The cytotoxicity of the total PM_(2.5) and the soluble and insoluble fractions,was investigated.Negatively charged PM_(2.5) can adhere to the positively charged membranes and disrupt them.PM_(2.5)also adheres to negatively charged membranes but does not cause membrane rupture.Therefore,electrostatic repulsion does not prevent PM_(2.5) attachment,but electrostatic attraction induces remarkable membrane rupture.The human lung epithelial cell line A549 was used for cytotoxicity assessment.The detected membrane leakage,cellular swelling and blebbing indicated a cell necrosis process.Moreover,the insoluble PM_(2.5) fraction caused a higher cell mortality and more serious cell membrane damage than the soluble fraction.The levels of reactive oxygen species(ROS) enhanced by the two fractions were not significantly different.The findings provide more information to better understand the mechanism of PM_(2.5) cytotoxicity and the effect of PM_(2.5) solubility on cytotoxicity.     

国内外饮用水余氯限值及监测方法的研究进展

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间大规模使用含氯消毒剂,其残留可能对水环境及人体健康造成影响.我国饮用水水源地质量标准并未设置余氯项目及其浓度限值,且缺乏统一的余氯现场快速分析方法标准.为公共卫生事件发生期间的水质余氯监测与评价提供参考,对国内外饮用水标准余氯限值、实验室标准分析方法、现场快速分析方法等进行汇总分析,结果表明:①不同国家和地区以及WHO（World Health Organization,世界卫生组织）在饮用水标准中分别设置了出厂水中余氯限值（范围为0.1~2.0 mg/L）、管网末梢水中余氯限值（范围为0.1~1.8 mg/L）及饮用水中余氯最大允许浓度（范围为4~5 mg/L）.②比色法、容量法因其具有反应迅速且稳定、准确度及精密度较高等优点而成为国内外实验室主要标准或推荐分析方法,高效液相色谱法检出限最低,灵敏度最高,可用于余氯痕量分析.③余氯现场快速分析方法多以比色法为主,在线监测方法多为电化学方法,但缺乏统一的标准方法.研究显示,国外饮用水标准中余氯最大允许浓度为5 mg/L,WHO推荐高风险环境下的管网末梢余氯浓度最低为0.5 mg/L,建议尽快开展水质余氯现场监测方法标准化研究.      

雨天硫酸盐化速率样品扩散分析

选择采样期不同降雨天数的碱片，测定余边的硫酸盐化速率含量，其结果为：采样期全月无雨时，余边上的硫酸盐均未检出；半月以上至全月有雨时检出率为１００％，检出量占样品量的２．７０～１５．９５％。经扩散试验，查清了余边上的硫酸盐主要是有效面积上采集的样品的扩散，并提出了相应的修正方法。     

Toxicity of Water-Soluble Fractions of Four Fuels for Metamysidopsis insularis, an Indigenous Tropical Mysid Species

The toxicity of the water-soluble fraction (WSF) of four fuels (leaded gasoline, unleaded gasoline, diesel, Jet A-1) to Metamysidopsis insularis, an indigenous tropical mysid species was determined. Approximately 10 000 barrels (bbl) of fuel are consumed daily in Trinidad and Tobago, and about 50 000 bbl are exported. Accidental discharges at points of transfer as well as from inadequate storage facilities, can pose a significant contamination risk to the environment. Organisms were assayed with the WSF under both UV and fluorescent lights. The WSF was prepared using different fuel/seawater (v/v) mixtures. It was found that organisms exposed to diesel, Jet A-1 and unleaded gasoline showed similar toxicological responses under both light regimes, and were more toxic than the leaded gasoline. The results also showed that none of these fuels show photo-induced toxicity. The WSF of the 0.1% mixtures of unleaded gasoline, diesel and Jet A-1 were acutely toxic to M. insularis. However, for the leaded gasoline, only the 0.5% mixture was acutely toxic. The high toxicity of these fuels may be due to the presence of light, more soluble fractions. It is therefore likely that these fuels will have significant impacts in our local environment, if any spills occur.     

活性污泥法处理矿区生活污水剩余污泥量探讨

由于矿区生活污水中有机污染物浓度较低，采用活性污泥法处理工艺，有机污染物在生物氧化池内得到较彻底地降解，剩余污泥量少，每千吨生活污水产生剩余污泥量为2～3t。     

Sorption of pyrene on two paddy soils and their particle-size fractions

In the present study, the sorption of pyrene on two kinds of bulk paddy soils, Gleyic Stagnic Anthrosols, and Ferric accumulic Stagnic Anthrosols as well as their particle-size fractions was investigated. The sorption isotherms fitted well with Freundlich equation. For both soils, the clay fraction（ 〈 2μm） and coarse sand fraction（2000-250μm） had higher sorption capacity than fine sand fraction（250-20 μm） and silt fraction（20-2 μm）. The IogKoc values obtained of each soil and its particle-size fractions were similar, proving that SOM content was a key factor affecting pyrene sorption. The Kd values showed a significant correlation with contents of dithionite-extractable Fe in both paddy soils and a good relationship with CEC in Gleyic Stagnic Anthrosols, indicating possible effects of surface properties of particle-size fractions on the sorption of pyrene.     

污泥中重金属的形态及在小麦幼苗中的富集

采用BCR连续提取法研究了污泥中Cd、Pb和Zn的化学形态分布,并通过室内土培实验研究了其在小麦幼苗中的富集效应。研究结果表明,Pb和Cd在污泥中主要以残渣态存在,相对比较稳定;Zn则主要以可交换态和可还原态存在,具有较强的潜在生物有效性。污泥中3种金属的潜在生物有效性由强到弱的顺序为:Zn>Cd>Pb。比较污泥中的Zn、Pb、Cd在小麦根和叶中的富集系数(EC),可发现3种金属在根中的富集系数均大于其在叶中的富集系数,说明小麦根部对这3种金属的富集能力大于其茎叶部分。3种金属在小麦中富集能力的强弱顺序在茎叶中为Zn>Cd>Pb,此结果与金属形态分析的结果相吻合。     

清洁的胡椒基T醚生产工艺的研究I,5-丙基-1,3-苯并二氧杂茂的氯甲基化废水的处理

报道了胡椒基丁醚生产中５－丙基－１，３－苯并二氧杂茂的氯甲基化的废水处理，该废水经蒸馏可回收９４％的盐酸，此酸吸收氯化氢后浓度在３６％以上，可再用于氯甲基化反应。蒸馏残液经分油、Ｆｅｎｔｏｎ试剂处理和五次生炭柱吸附后ＣＯＤＣｒ等项指标均可国家二类污染物的一级排放标准。     

某电镀厂附近农田土壤中的重金属形态研究

通过连续提取法对电镀废水污染区和对照区农田土壤中的重金属元素Cu、Cr、Ni、Pb和Mn形态进行了研究.结果显示,污染区土壤中多种形态的Cu、Cr和Ni含量都显著高于对照区,尤其以它们的有机结合态差异最为显著.污染区较对照区土壤中Mn的总量虽无显著差异,但可交换态Mn的含量显著增加(分别为98.68mg/kg和40.75mg/kg).污染区与对照区土壤中的Pb的交换态、碳酸盐结合态、Fe-Mn氧化物结合态、有机结合态和残留态均无显著差异.电镀废水的污染使得农田土壤中Cu、Cr和Ni含量和生物有效性显著升高,Mn的化学形态改变,移动性和生物有效性增加.     

有机污染物在多孔介质中的残留

土壤、地下水中的有机污染物主要以自由态、挥发态、溶解态和残留态等四种形态存在 ,其中残留态的部分是最难以去除的 ,残留量的多少是关系治理费用及治理时间长短的最关键因素。本文以柴油为代表 ,对地下水饱和区中有机物的残留进行了试验模拟 ,与非饱和区的残余饱和度进行了比较 ,揭示了饱和区中有机污染物残余的特点 ,并深入分析了其机理。结果表明 ,砂性介质中 ,地下水饱和区中有机污染物的残余饱和度显著大于非饱和区中的残余饱和度 ,因此可以有效地利用这一特性 ,通过降低地下水位使饱和区中部分残留态污染物转化为自由态 ,提高去除效率 ;与非饱和区中多孔介质粒径越小 ,残留量越大的特性相反 ,饱和区中测得的残余柴油饱和度随介质粒径的增大而增大。不同水位变动速度的试验结果表明 ,水位变动速度对粘性大于水的柴油的残余饱和度影响可以忽略不计。