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1.
Jessica Nihlén Fahlquist 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2009,22(2):109-124
The actions performed by individuals, as consumers and citizens, have aggregate negative consequences for the environment.
The question asked in this paper is to what extent it is reasonable to hold individuals and institutions responsible for environmental
problems. A distinction is made between backward-looking and forward-looking responsibility. Previously, individuals were
not seen as being responsible for environmental problems, but an idea that is now sometimes implicitly or explicitly embraced
in the public debate on environmental problems is that individuals are appropriate targets for blame when they perform actions
that are harmful to the environment. This idea is criticized in this paper. It is argued that instead of blaming individuals
for performing actions that are not environmentally friendly we should ascribe forward-looking responsibility to individuals,
a notion that focuses more on capacity and resources than causation and blameworthiness. Furthermore, it is important to emphasize
that a great share of forward-looking responsibility should also be ascribed to institutional agents, primarily governments
and corporations. The urge to ascribe forward-looking responsibility to institutional agents is motivated by the efficiency
aim of responsibility distributions. Simply put, if responsibility is ascribed to governments and corporations there is a
better chance of creating a society in which the opportunities to act in an environmentally friendly way increase. 相似文献
2.
Ellen-Marie Forsberg 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2007,20(5):455-468
The ethical matrix approach was developed by Prof Ben Mepham and his colleagues at the University of Nottingham in the early
1990s. Since then the approach has received increasing attention and has been used by several researchers in different projects
related to assessing ethical impacts of different food production technologies and other policy options of societal concern.
The ethical matrix is sometimes understood simply as a checklist of ethical concerns, but might also be seen as a guide to
coming to conclusions on moral questions. The problem I discuss in this paper relates to how using the ethical matrix method
as a decision guide can be combined with respecting pluralism. The aim of the paper is to suggest a framework making it possible
to – at the same time – enhance public justification of judgments and respect pluralism. I argue that pluralism is fundamental
to the ethical matrix approach; I distinguish between intuitionist principled pluralism and societal value pluralism; and I show how both kinds of pluralism imply restrictions on how conclusions can be made. No substantive moral decision
principles can be allowed. Still, I argue, decision principles of a more epistemological or procedural character can be acceptable
even within pluralism. The pragmatist principle of inquiry is defended as an account of moral problem solving compatible with
both principled pluralism and value pluralism. When an ethical matrix is used within such a participatory inquiry process
substantive conclusions can be drawn. 相似文献
3.
围绕环境监理的基本职责 ,对捆绑式、专一式、切块式 3种不同的环境监理运行模式进行了探讨。提出切块式环境监理运行模式比较适合现阶段环境监理工作 ,是一种值得推广的环境监理运行模式。 相似文献
5.
This special issue of the Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics presents so-called ethical tools that are developed to support systematic public deliberations about the ethical aspects
of agricultural biotechnologies. This paper firstly clarifies the intended connotations of the term “ethical tools” and argues
that such tools can support liberal democracies to cope with the issues that are raised by the application of genetic modification
and other modern biotechnologies in agriculture and food production. The paper secondly characterizes the societal discussion
on agricultural biotechnology and defends the thesis that normative perspectives fuel this discussion, so one cannot come
to grips with this discussion if one neglects these perspectives. The paper thirdly agrues that no such thing exists as “one”
societal debate in which these issues should be discussed. There are several interwined debates, and different actors participate
in different discourses. Some practical instruments are necessary in order to include the right issues in these debates. These
instruments will be coined as “ethical tools,” since they are practical instruments that can be used (tools) in order to support
debates and deliberative structures for a systematic engagement with ethical issues (hence, ethical tools). Finally, the
paper clarifies the ethics of these ethical tools and presents the tools as discussed in the remainder of this special issue:
1) tools to include ethical issues in public consulation and involvement; 2) tools to support systematic reflection upon ethical
issues in decision-making; and 3) tools to support explicit communication about values in the food chain. 相似文献
6.
Diana Stuart 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2009,22(1):53-71
As environmental and conservation efforts increasingly turn towards agricultural landscapes, it is important to understand
how land management decisions are made by agricultural producers. While previous studies have explored producer decision-making,
many fail to recognize the importance of external structural influences. This paper uses a case study to explore how consolidated
markets and increasing corporate power in the food system can constrain producer choice and create ethical dilemmas over land
management. Crop growers in the Central Coast region of California face conflicting demands regarding environmental quality
and industry imposed food safety standards. A mail survey and personal interviews were used to explore growers’ perceptions
and actions regarding these demands. Results indicate that in many cases growers face serious ethical dilemmas and feel pressured
by large processing and retail firms to adopt measures they find environmentally destructive and unethical. Future strategies
to address environmental issues on agricultural landscapes should consider the economic constraints producers face and the
role of large firms in creating production standards. 相似文献
7.
Marvin Waterstone 《Environmental management》1993,17(2):141-152
The issue of greenhouse warming has received a great deal of attention in recent years. It has become the object of much scientific scrutiny, media coverage, and political rhetoric. What is our current state of knowledge regarding this phenomenon? What are the possible options for preventing or slowing its advance, or for living with its consequences? What obstructs our taking actions to deal with this issue? These are the questions addressed here. Beginning with a brief overview of our current knowledge, I then examine potential policy options, and finally assess the likelihood of constructive actions. The conclusion reached is that we will probably not deal with this issue, not because we lack a sufficient understanding of the phenomenon, its consequences and workable solutions, but because we lack the philosophical, ethical, and political will to do so. As a result we are likely to continue to drift across a sea of platitudes. 相似文献
8.
Developing the ethical matrix as a decision support framework: GM fish as a case study 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Matthias Kaiser Kate Millar Erik Thorstensen Sandy Tomkins 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2007,20(1):65-80
The Ethical Matrix was developed to help decision-makers explore the ethical issues raised by agri-food biotechnologies. Over
the decade since its inception the Ethical Matrix has been used by a number of organizations and the philosophical basis of
the framework has been discussed and analyzed extensively. The role of tools such as the Ethical Matrix in public policy decision-making
has received increasing attention. In order to further develop the methodological aspects of the Ethical Matrix method, work
was carried out to study the potential role of the Ethical Matrix as a decision support framework. When considering which
frameworks to apply when analyzing the ethical dimensions of the application of agri-food biotechnologies, it is important
to clarify the substantive nature of any prospective framework. In order to further investigate this issue, reflections on
the neologism “ethical soundness” of an ethical framework are presented here. This concept is introduced in order to provide
more structured evaluations of a range of ethical tools, including ethical frameworks such as the Ethical Matrix. As well
as examining the philosophical dimensions of the method, theoretical analysis and literature studies were combined with stakeholder
engagement exercises and consultations in order to review the Ethical Matrix from a user perspective. This work resulted in
the development of an Ethical Matrix Manual, which is intended to act as a guide for potential user groups. 相似文献
9.
Jan Vorstenbosch 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2000,12(1):81-98
Compensating farmers out of public funds for financiallosses due to adverse weather conditions and animaldiseases is fairly common in most Western countries.This government policy differs from that towardsentrepeneurs in other economic branches. Whatjustifies this differential treatment? In the firstpart of this article, three theories of justice arepresented that offer a general framework for dealingwith problems of compensatory justice. In the secondpart, the possibilities of justifiying differentialtreatment of agriculture within each of these theoriesare explored. It is concluded that compensatorypractices in agriculture require fundamentalrethinking in view of the changing technological,economic, and cultural conditions of agriculture. 相似文献
10.
Ben Mepham 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2000,12(2):165-176
The paper addresses the issue of how indemocratic societies a procedure might be formulatedto facilitate ethical judgements on modernbiotechnologies used in food production. A frameworkfor rational ethical analysis, the Ethical Matrix, isproposed. The Matrix adapts the principles describedby Beauchamp and Childress for application to medicalissues, to interest groups (e.g., producers,consumers, and the biotic environment) affected bythese technologies. The use of the Matrix isillustrated by applying it to an example of a ``novelfood,' viz., a form of genetically modified maize. 相似文献