粉煤灰在城市固体废物好氧填埋中应用的研究

从理论和实验两方面系统地阐述了粉煤灰在城市固体废物 (MSW)好氧填埋中的应用。粉煤灰具有良好的吸附性能及pH值调节能力 ,与MSW按适当比例混合后进行好氧填埋 ,能够弥补城市固体废物好氧填埋的不足 ,更能有效地降解垃圾 ,尤其是对垃圾渗滤液具有更好的降解效果     

准好氧填埋氧气扩散模拟分析

依据准好氧填埋工艺的原理建立了试验装置,在填埋进入相对稳定期后,测定填埋装置内各个采样点的填埋气体积分数φ(CH)4、φ(CO)2以及φ(O)2,分析了采样点到中心导气管的距离对φ(O)2的影响,并采用数学模型进行拟合。结果表明,准好氧填埋进入相对稳定期后,由于装置内外温度差异以及氧气浓度的差异使氧气通过导排管进入装置内部,并呈现出上层下层中层的规律。在垃圾填埋体的好氧分解反应、硝化作用以及甲烷氧化作用的共同作用下,下层与中层φ(O)2与距离的关系呈现指数规律下降,上层由于结构的特殊性呈现抛物线形状。     

生活垃圾填埋短期好氧预处理工艺优化研究

以模拟有机生活垃圾为底物,通过实验研究了通风和温度协同控制作用下,填埋短期好氧预处理过程垃圾VS、含水率和有机组分的代谢情况.结果表明,好氧预处理过程VS降解主要发生在反应前期(0~6d),占实验全过程降解量的68%~85%;同时垃圾含水量的15%~26%以渗滤液和气体的形式被去除,并且延长通风时间能够增加后者所占比例.反应前期堆体自发升温到高温状态(50~55℃)比控制堆体温度维持在中温状态(42~47℃)更利于碳水化合物的代谢,但对粗蛋白降解的影响不明显.而在中温状态下粗脂肪和木质纤维素的降解率更高.继续延长预处理时间至14d,不同通风和温度的组合对VS和水分总体去除差距不大.控制填埋好氧预处理周期在6d并尽量维持堆体温度在50~55℃,成本-效益较高.     

模拟成藏地质填埋及诱导填埋有机质生气的理论初探

填埋处理和垃圾生物气的开发利用是实现城市生活垃圾资源化、无害化、减量化处理的有效途径,引入模拟生物气成藏和含气系统的思路,开展地质填埋与诱导填埋有机质生气研究是对能源地质学和填埋设计理念的新探索.通过对比研究地质填埋结构与地质学中生物气藏系统的异同点、生气机理和影响因素的共性与差异,初步论证了将模拟生物气藏理论引入地质填埋设计、优化地质填埋结构、提高填埋有机质生物气化效率和抽排利用效率的可行性;探讨了生物气藏理论在构建地质填埋结构中的可能应用和启示.研究表明:模拟生物气藏地质填埋设计和非常规生物气开发理念具有理论依据和现实基础;生物气藏生、储、盖要素和运、圈、保过程的模拟可应用于垃圾地质填埋场的构建,微生物地球化学理论有助于对诱导填埋有机质生气条件优化的认识.     

准好氧填埋场作业台阶温室气体CO_2的释放通量研究

采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定了河北省某准好氧填埋场作业台阶表面的温室气体CO2释放通量,分析了填埋时期和导气管距离对CO2释放通量的影响。结果表明:导气管附近区域表面的CO2释放量较大,且不同区域的CO2释放通量存在明显差异(最大值和最小值分别278.6和12.5 g/(m2.d);同一区域上午、中午和下午的CO2释放通量差异相对较小,但中午和下午高于上午。同时,填埋4、8、12和16个月区域的CO2平均释放通量分别为56.9,70.0,110.2和47.0 g/(m2.d),即CO2的释放通量随着填埋龄的增加呈现先增加后逐渐降低的趋势,并在填埋12个月达到CO2释放通量的最大值。此外,各填埋区作业台阶表面CO2释放通量随着距离导气管距离的增加呈指数函数递减的趋势。     

填埋结构对填埋场稳定化的影响

依据准好氧填埋和厌氧填埋的原理,构建了大型模拟填埋场,并定期对渗滤液水质进行监测分析;根据所获得的渗滤液水质变化数据,利用指数法对2种结构的填埋场稳定化进行了评价.结果表明,准好氧填埋比厌氧填埋结构更有利于渗滤液中污染物尤其是NH3-N的去除;准好氧填埋场稳定化速率大于厌氧填埋场;准好氧填埋场在封场25周后稳定化综合指数I<50,达到二级稳定化程度,渗滤液水质达二级排放标准;厌氧填埋场在实验期内稳定化综合指数I>100,稳定化等级为四级,渗滤液水质在三级排放标准以下.     

生活垃圾填埋场填埋作业台阶甲烷排放研究

为了解我国生活垃圾填埋场填埋作业期间的甲烷排放情况,采用DM(Default Methodology)模型、LandGEM(Landfill Gas Emission Model)模型与静态箱法模拟和测试计算了杭州市天子岭生活垃圾填埋场填埋作业台阶1h的甲烷排放量,结果分别为3.65×103m3、1.52×103m3和1.11×103m3;与DM模型相比,LandGEM模型的模拟结果与现场测试结果更接近.生活垃圾填埋场在填埋作业台阶运行期间(约2年)产生的甲烷量约占理论产生总量的50%,而填埋气体主动收集系统收集率仅为43%,即在此期间未被收集利用而排放的甲烷量约占理论产生总量的29%.因此,调控填埋作业期间的甲烷排放是我国控制生活垃圾填埋场甲烷排放总量的关键之一.     

Methane emissions from MBT landfills

Within the scope of an investigation for the German Federal Environment Agency (“Umweltbundesamt”), the basics for the estimation of the methane emissions from the landfilling of mechanically and biologically treated waste (MBT) were developed. For this purpose, topical research including monitoring results regarding the gas balance at MBT landfills was evaluated.For waste treated to the required German standards, a methane formation potential of approximately 18–24 m³ CH₄/t of total dry solids may be expected. Monitoring results from MBT landfills show that a three-phase model with differentiated half-lives describes the degradation kinetics in the best way. This is due to the fact that during the first years of disposal, the anaerobic degradation processes still proceed relatively intensively. In addition in the long term (decades), a residual gas production at a low level is still to be expected.Most of the soils used in recultivation layer systems at German landfills show a relatively high methane oxidation capacity up to 5 l CH₄/(m² h). However, measurements at MBT disposal sites indicate that the majority of the landfill gas (in particular at non-covered areas), leaves the landfill body via preferred gas emission zones (hot spots) without significant methane oxidation. Therefore, rather low methane oxidation factors are recommended for open and temporarily covered MBT landfills. Higher methane oxidation rates can be achieved when the soil/recultivation layer is adequately designed and operated.Based on the elaborated default values, the First Order Decay (FOD) model of the IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, 2006, was used to estimate the methane emissions from MBT landfills. Due to the calculation made by the authors emissions in the range of 60,000–135,000 t CO_2-eq./a for all German MBT landfills can be expected. This wide range shows the uncertainties when the here used procedure and the limited available data are applied. It is therefore necessary to generate more data in the future in order to calculate more precise methane emission rates from MBT landfills. This is important for the overall calculation of the climate gas production in Germany which is required once a year by the German Government.     

A comparison of biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) management strategies in Ireland and the Czech Republic and the lessons learned

In order to meet the recycling and recovery targets set forth by the European Union's (EU) Waste and Landfill Directives, both the Irish and Czech governments’ policy on waste management is changing to meet these pressures, with major emphasis being placed upon the management of biodegradable municipal waste (BMW). In particular, the EU Landfill Directive requires reductions in the rate of BMW going to landfill to 35% of 1995 values by 2016 and 2020 for Ireland and the Czech Republic, respectively. In this paper, the strategies of how Ireland and the Czech Republic plan to meet this challenge are compared. Ireland either landfills or exports its waste for recovery, while the Czech Republic has a relatively new waste management infrastructure. While Ireland met the first target of 75% diversion of BMW from landfill by 2010 and preliminary 2012 data indicate that Ireland is on track to meet the 2013 target, the achievement of the 2016 target remains at risk. Indicators that were developed to monitor the Czech Republic's path to meeting the targets demonstrate that it did not meet the first target that was set for 2010 and will probably not meet its 2013 target either. The evaluation reports on the implementation of Waste Management Plan of Czech Republic suggest that the currently applied strategy to divert biodegradable waste from landfill is not effective enough. For both countries, the EU Waste Framework and Landfill Directives will be a significant influence and driver of change in waste management practices and governance over the coming decade. This means that both countries will not only have to invest in infrastructure to achieve the targets, but will also have to increase awareness among the public in diverting this waste at the household level. Improving environmental education is part of increased awareness as it is imperative for citizens to understand the consequences of their actions as affluence continues to grow producing increased levels of waste.     

填埋处置固体废弃物中环境岩土工程问题分析

城镇固体废弃物对环境构成了日益严重的危害，填埋处置是处理固体废弃物的重要方式，其中涉及环境岩土工程问题。本文就填埋处置中岩土工程问题进行研究，着重阐述岩土工程技术在填埋处置法中的具体应用，并对国内填埋状况作了分析