NAFTA and member country strategies for maritime trade and marine invasive species

Maritime shipping has two vectors of spreading marine invasive species: ballast water inside the ship and biofouling on the hulls outside the ship. While some attention has focused on ballast water, virtually none is focused on biofouling. This paper offers a quantitative analysis of economic incentives for shippers and regulating ports to address both pollution vectors. The strategies to address the vectors are induced by incentive mechanisms involving liability, subsidies and taxes. Results show these offer ample incentives in order to truly foster abatement of both vectors. Data from North America's Pacific coast is included in the analysis.     

Opportunities and constraints for Product-oriented Environmental Management Systems (P-EMS)

Product-oriented Environmental Management Systems (P-EMS) are a logical extension of current, often primarily process- of facility-oriented Environmental Management Systems. The Dutch government promotes P-EMS as part of its product-oriented environmental policies. The idea of P-EMS is to enable producers to make environmentally responsible decisions on product development and product strategies, in collaboration with suppliers and customers. This paper summarises example P-EMS projects in The Netherlands for two segments of industry, namely retail and manufacturing industry. Moreover two other initiatives will be covered that deal with the development of tools to facilitate P-EMS in two other industry sectors (food processing and building). Success factors that emerge from these initial experiences are: focus on partners that have a strong incentive to act, application of screening Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) or user-shells for LCA, and focus on improvements that can be implemented on the short term.     

西藏生态经济系统的能值分析与可持续发展研究

在简要分析西藏的自然、社会经济概况及其在中国的战略地位基础上，运用能值理论与方法，对其主要资源的贮存价值、总能值用量、能值的流入流出情况、人口承载力、能值投入率、能值使用强度、环境负荷等指标进行了系统研究，并与其他国家的有关指标进行了比较研究，提出了进一步开发西藏资源、实现可持续发展目标的政策建议。     

购买审计与生态导向型消费探析

生态导向型消费需要政府采取一些措施来鼓励或强迫消费者在产品消费中符合环保要求。购买审计便是对消费者市场施加影响的手段之一，是内部审计的重要组成部分，它包括评估所有与购买商品和服务相关的组织政策和行为对环境的影响。探讨了地方政府购买行为对环境的影响和如何减少这些影响的方法，以及购买审计对生态导向型消费的影响。包括：购买审计的方法、生态型购买政策的成功实施、购买审计对生态型消费的影响。     

广州港近年船舶油污事故的分析

广州港辖区近年来船舶油污事故不断，但相应的油污防备、反应、立法仍没有实质性的进展。文中就典型事故作了分析，提出了对船舶油污防备的建议。     

Community response to hazard information

The impact of flood hazard information on public acceptance of a selected flood mitigation strategy was assessed by an analysis of the content of newspaper reports of community reaction and letters to the editor. The impact of personal delivery of a flood hazard map on individual perception of risk and attitude to such information was assessed using personal interviews. The results indicated that media coverage of the flood hazard information reduced public criticism of the works. This result must be partially attributable to the dramatic style of media coverage and the fact that the media only emphasized the positive value of the works. The interview demonstrated that personal delivery of the information raised perception of risk, improved comprehension of flood risk, had no impact on acceptability of risk but discouraged some respondents from seeking such information in the future. Factors to explain the last negative change were identified to be the format of the map sheet and low salience of flood hazard. On the basis of all results, methods to improve community response to hazard information are provided.     

The 'who' and 'what' of training far disaster relief

This paper defines the various levels within government, the voluntary agencies and the community which might benefit from training and makes suggestions as to where the emphasis should be placed. It points out that training programmes should be designed to meet the expressed needs of a particular group of trainees as well as be related to the current or potential disaster situation.     

生态工业园区的政策法规建设

论述了生态工业园区政策法规建设中存在的问题,并提出了建立健全生态工业园区政策法规的建议。     

Considering the needs of indigenous and local populations in conservation programs

Local rural and indigenous communities have assumed increasing responsibility for conservation within and between areas buffering the impacts of agricultural or resource‐extraction zones and protected areas. Empowering local communities as central partners in conservation and climate‐change mitigation has allowed many people to gain access to land and citizenship rights but has provided limited improvements in access to social services and economic opportunities even as expectation about their role as environmental stewards grows. These expectations, however, are inconsistent with reality. We conducted multiple field studies in Brazil since the mid‐1980s to illustrate the discrepancies between conservation programs and local conditions and expectations. We suggest that public policies and conservation programs should not delegate responsibility for managing protected areas to local and indigenous communities without considering local needs and expectations and locals’ attitudes toward conservation. In other words, behavior that maintains or improves the environment should not be treated as traditional based on the expectations of outsiders. Framing local populations as traditional environmentalists creates contradictions and frustrations for local populations and for conservation professionals and policy makers.     

浙江省排污权有偿使用和交易政策法规研究

随着中国经济的高速发展和城市化进程的加快,环境资源的消耗进一步加大,环境资源面临枯竭问题已经严重影响到社会经济的可持续发展。建立排污权有偿使用与交易制度对于解决过高的环境治理成本问题具有重要作用。本文从排污权的基本法律理论入手,总结和分析我省排污权有偿使用和交易政策法规存在的问题,进而提出适合我省的政策建议,以期完善我省排污权有偿使用和交易的政策法规体系。