城市街区大气流动与汽车尾气扩散的三维数值模拟

道路交通已成为现代城市的主要污染源，利用数学模型预测汽车排放污染物对大气环境的影响成为主要手段。针对一个典型城市街区的大气流动和汽车排放物扩散问题进行三维数值模拟分析，揭示了污染物在不同高度建筑物。不同宽度街道和十字道路所组成的街区峡谷内外的大气流动和污染物迁移扩散特征，同时反映了街道走向的影响。研究表明：由于受街道布局和大气边界层的影响，污染物主要集中在街区峡谷内（特别是近地面附近)难以扩散，易造成局部高浓度污染；由于流场的非均匀性和三维特征，污染物浓度呈现非均匀扩散特性。     

Wind energy and natural ventilation potential of a wind catcher in Yazd – Iran (a long-term measurement)

When designing energy efficient buildings it is useful to study existing climate—responsive building typologies. The wind towers or wind-catchers of Yazd city in Iran are typical examples of such a typology. Although many previous studies have investigated the performance of various types of wind catcher systems, studies based on a long-term real-life measurement can be rarely found. In this study a long-term whole year monitoring campaign on an existing full scale four sided wind catcher in Yazd was carried out in 2014–2015. Three prevailing wind directions were identified and the measured on-site wind speeds were used to estimate the wind induced natural ventilation potential of the tower. A shaft/tower airflow performance index was developed. The monitoring results were compared to the ASHRAE Standard 62:2001 ventilation rate requirement. Results show that the total ventilation rate of the wind tower surpasses the ASHRAE Standard requirements. Furthermore it shows that the shafts are exposed to the prevailing wind directions perform better. For more effective natural ventilation a wind tower with adaptable openings/shafts are proposed.     

矿井火灾时期的风流远程控制系统

控制风流是矿井火灾时期救灾的最有效手段之一。笔者研究并提供了两种风流远程控制系统 :一种以压气作为动力源 ,利用矿井环境监测系统传输控制命令 ,通过电磁阀控制气缸实施对井下风门的远程控制 ;另一种以电力为动力源 ,利用井下电话线传输控制命令 ,通过对电机开关的控制 ,实现对风门开启的远程控制。值得推荐并具有创新性的技术是这两种控风系统的风门控制器 ,均用单片机开发 ,具有智能分析功能、远程控制和自动检测、监测特点 ,既可进行远程手动控制 ,又可实现程序控制。这两种风门远程控制系统已在兖州南屯、枣庄柴里等煤矿应用并获得成功 ,为矿井的抗灾消灾提供了一种现代化的技术手段     

Management issues in a Tasmanian tourist cave: potential microclimatic impacts of cave modifications

Caves can be difficult to navigate and often require physical modification to allow easy access for visitors. Single entrance caves double the access impact of each visitor. Visitors in tourist caves have direct physical effects such as the introduction of concrete and steel structures; transport of mud, dust, and nutrients; installation of lights and the exhalation of water vapour and carbon dioxide into the air. Indirect physical effects include alteration of the microclimate, both through physical modifications that change the ventilation regime and through the presence of visitors leading to changes in temperature, humidity and CO2 within the cave environment. Anthropomorphic changes to cave physical environments to aid access or to reduce backtracking can have adverse effects on the internal microclimate of cave systems with subsequent changes to the cave environment affecting the quality of decorations and cave art and the diversity of cave fauna. Although often stated that caves operate at or near a constant temperature, closer examination indicates that cave temperatures are neither static nor constant. The degree of variation depends largely on the structure and physical characteristics of the cave. Air temperature and humidity gradients between the inside and outside cave environment can result in air density differences, which create airflow, which will in turn affect the cave microclimate. As part of the development of a management framework for King Solomons Cave, Tasmania, a study of the microclimate was carried out on behalf of Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Service. Analysis of the variables showed significant differences in air temperature within each site and between sites. These differences range from 4 degrees C variation at one site to 0 degrees C at another site. The data were used to model potential airflow between the cave and the external environment. Results indicate that part of the cave is dominated by airflow between the chimney and the cave entrance leading to microclimatic fluctuations, while stable climatic conditions occur at the end of the cave. Future management strategies that propose a passage from the chamber to the surface via the current end zone would create a potential for airflow induced microclimatic change, leading to a change in both the temperature and moisture regimes, necessitating the construction of an airtight double door system.     

外界风对小城镇多层建筑火灾流场的影响

随着市场经济的不断发展,城市化的进程加快,农村人口向城市流动,使小城镇建设规模不断扩大,因而火灾等各种灾害对小城镇居民的生命和财产所造成的损失也越来越大。火灾时,外界风向、风速对火灾流场可能产生很大的影响。笔者根据小城镇一般民宅和建筑物的高度特点建立相应的几何模型和物理模型,利用Phoenics软件,从理论上研究了小城镇一幢楼房不同位置的房间发生火灾时,外界吹来不同风速的正向或侧向风,对房间内外稳态温度场与流场的影响。特别研究了房间内热气流流出窗外向上运动的浮力和外界风力相互作用发生的现象及其对房间内流动的影响。同时,还对不同外界风速情况下,房间内外速度中性面倾斜的角度等问题进行了初步讨论     

采空区自燃火灾气体钻孔导流的数值模拟研究

针对采空区局部自燃火源点的火灾情况 ,提出用地面钻孔抽放采空区自燃火灾气体 ,使其避免流向工作面的方法。基于渗流方程和气体扩散方程建立了简化的采空区火灾气体移动———弥散数值模型 ,用迎风有限元方法结合图形显示技术求解。模拟了在抽放前后采空区火灾气体移动和CO浓度分布特征 ,该方法对火源位置的判定精度要求不高 ,但钻孔必须设在火源的后方。通过模拟试验 ,抽放后工作面向采空区漏风增加量约为抽放流量的一半 ;抽放流量与采空区CO绝对涌出量近似呈负指数关系 ,给出了最低抽放流量的表达式。这项研究 ,能为分析在短期内消除采空区自燃火灾气体对工作面影响和确定抽放参数提供一种辅助手段。     

Optimization of dilution ventilation layout design in confined environments using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)

Dilution ventilation systems have been widely used to control the airborne toxic and explosive material in confined spaces. Layout design of dilution ventilation is critical to industrial hygiene control and ventilation efficiency. A properly designed dilution ventilation system can significantly improve the safety of confined workshops and maintain a comfortable work condition. In this work, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been used to analyze the performance of dilution ventilation system in the confined workshop environment. Seven different ventilation layouts are proposed to evaluate ventilation performance of different installation layouts. Carbon monoxide (CO), which has the similar density as air, is selected as the sample contaminant to conduct steady-state CFD simulations. The simulation results of different layouts are examined and compared to get the optimal layout design for the best contaminant control. Results have shown that the layout with two opposite inlets has the highest ventilation efficiency among seven proposed layouts. This work can serve as a reference to increase dilution ventilation efficiency and minimize the energy cost in general confined areas.     

A framework for investigating the air quality variation characteristics based on the monitoring data: Case study for Beijing during 2013–2016

In this study, an analysis framework based on the regular monitoring data was proposed for investigating the annual/inter-annual air quality variation and the contributions from different factors(i.e., seasons, pollution periods and airflow directions), through a case study in Beijing from 2013 to 2016. The results showed that the annual mean concentrations(MC) of PM_(2.5), SO_2, NO_2 and CO had decreased with annual mean ratios of 7.5%, 28.6%, 4.6%and 15.5% from 2013 to 2016, respectively. Among seasons, the MC in winter contributed the largest fractions(25.8%～46.4%) to the annual MC, and the change of MC in summer contributed most to the inter-annual MC variation(IMCV) of PM_(2.5) and NO2. For different pollution periods, gradually increase of frequency of S-1(PM_(2.5), 0～ 75 μg/m~3) made S-1 become the largest contributor(28.8%) to the MC of PM_(2.5) in 2016, it had a negative contribution(-13.1%) to the IMCV of PM_(2.5); obvious decreases of frequencies of heavily polluted and severely polluted dominated(44.7% and 39.5%) the IMCV of PM_(2.5). For different airflow directions, the MC of pollutants under the south airflow had the most significant decrease(22.5%～62.5%), and those decrease contributed most to the IMCV of PM_(2.5)(143.3%),SO2(72.0%), NO_2(55.5%) and CO(190.3%); the west airflow had negative influences to the IMCV of PM_(2.5), NO_2 and CO. The framework is helpful for further analysis and utilization of the large amounts of monitoring data; and the analysis results can provide scientific supports for the formulation or adjustment of further air pollution mitigation policy.     

掘进巷道风流温度分布规律的数值模拟

根据紊流状态下的守恒原理 ,导出了描述掘进巷道风流紊流流动和温度分布的微分方程。通过对矿内风流流动及热力过程的理论分析及现场实测 ,系统地开展矿内风流流场和风流温度场的分布规律及其耦合作用机理的理论分析与研究 ,并利用PHOENICS程序进行数值模拟 ,初步得出了矿井掘进巷道风流温度与各种参数的变化规律。掘进巷道风流温度随风速提高呈负幂函数规律降低 ,随入风流温度升高而线性升高。