灾害地图几个问题的初步研究

运用地图学的理论和方法，阐述了灾害地图的性质、内容、功能和作用，介绍了灾害地图的主要类型，探讨了灾害信息图形显示的过程、方法和手段，并提出了开展灾害地图研究的几点建议。     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

GIS与数模支持下的油气田环境风险预警系统研究

简要介绍了油气田在建设与生产过程中对环境的影响,构建并开发了基于GIS与数模的油气田环境风险预警系统。系统包含大气污染模拟模型、地表水污染模拟模型和地下水污染模拟模型,实现了环境监测数据的管理、实时监测预警和污染模拟、快速应急响应三大功能。介绍了油气田环境风险预警系统的设计及基本功能,探索了将地理信息系统与数学模型相结合运用于油气田环境风险预警的方法。实践表明,以GIS技术为平台,结合数学模型为辅助进行环境风险预警是可行的。     

近25a来江苏中部沿海盐沼分布时空演变及围垦影响分析

江苏沿海海涂广阔,其上分布着种类众多的盐沼植被。近些年来,大范围的围垦活动导致盐沼分布发生了巨大变化,充分把握围垦活动下盐沼分布与扩张规律,可为滩涂资源开发和环境保护提供决策支持。基于此,研究结合了NDVI和局部OTSU方法通过遥感影像提取了近25 a间7个时期的江苏中部沿海的盐沼并数字化出各时期新增垦区,利用GIS技术分析了盐沼分布的时空演变并讨论了盐沼对滩涂围垦的响应。结果表明:1盐沼面积历经先增后减的过程,26 a间约减少10%,在2000年后堤外盐沼宽度与覆盖度不断降低,盐沼分布由弶港北岸多、弶港南岸少的格局逐渐转变为新洋至斗龙港口岸段多、其余海岸少的格局;2滩涂围垦造成的盐沼消亡面积达569.47 km2,占盐沼消亡总量的85.4%,对弶港以北盐沼影响极大;3潮间带的围垦活动能够改变原潮滩的沉积环境,对盐沼扩张起到了一定的推动作用,这意味着盐沼有望在围垦后得以逐步恢复,但若围垦太快,堤外余留盐沼过少,盐沼恢复将难以为继。     

Some Trends in Research on the Biosphere

The current state of research on the biosphere is analyzed. Various approaches to determining the boundaries and estimating the chemical composition of the biosphere are reviewed. The concept of ecological space as a structural unit of the biosphere is proposed. It is shown that cartography as a methodological approach to biospheric research may be used for describing the specificity of terrestrial ecosystems in terms of ecological standardization.     

Experience in mapping the ecological state of the plant cover

Objectives and methods of mapping the ecological state of the plant cover at different spatial levels—federal, regional, and local—are analyzed. The maps used as examples are as follows: at the federal level, “Ecological State of Rangelands in Russia” (1:10 000 000); at the regional level, “Vegetation of Moscow Oblast” (1:200 000); and at the local level, “Vegetation of Narofominskii Raion” and “Current State of the Plant Cover in Narofominskii Raion” (1:50 000).