Comparison of different disinfection processes in the effective removal of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes

This study compared three different disinfection processes(chlorination, E-beam, and ozone) and the efficacy of three oxidants(H2O2, S2O-8, and peroxymonosulfate(MPS)) in removing antibiotic resistant bacteria(ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs) in a synthetic wastewater. More than30 mg/L of chlorine was needed to remove over 90% of ARB and ARG. For the E-beam method, only1 dose(kGy) was needed to remove ARB and ARG, and ozone could reduce ARB and ARG by more than 90% even at 3 mg/L ozone concentration. In the ozone process, CT values(concentration × time)were compared for ozone alone and combined with different catalysts based on the 2-log removal of ARB and ARG. Ozone treatment yielded a value of 31 and 33(mg·min)/L for ARB and ARGs respectively. On the other hand, ozone with persulfate yielded 15.9 and 18.5(mg·min)/L while ozone with monopersulfate yielded a value of 12 and 14.5(mg·min)/L. This implies that the addition of these catalysts significantly reduces the contact time to achieve a 2-log removal, thus enhancing the process in terms of its kinetics.     

Modelling photochemical oxidant formation, transport, deposition and exposure of terrestrial ecosystems

The chemical processes responsible for production of photochemical oxidants within the troposphere have been the subject of laboratory and field study throughout the last three decades. During the same period, models to simulate the atmospheric chemistry, transport and deposition of ozone (O(3)) from individual urban sources and from regions have been developed. The models differ greatly in the complexity of chemical schemes, in the underlying meteorology and in spatial and temporal resolution. Input information from land use, spatial and temporally disaggregated emission inventories and meteorology have all improved considerably in recent years and are not fully implemented in current models. The development of control strategies in both North America and Europe to close the gaps between current exceedances of environmental limits, guide values, critical levels or loads and full compliance with these limits provides the focus for policy makers and the support agencies for the research. The models represent the only method of testing a range of control options in advance of implementation. This paper describes currently applied models of photochemical oxidant production and transport at global and regional scales and their ability to simulate individual episodes as well as photochemical oxidant climatology. The success of current models in quantifying the exposure of terrestrial surfaces and the population to potentially damaging O(3) concentrations (and dose) is examined. The analysis shows the degree to which the underlying processes and their application within the models limit the quality of the model products.     

不同氧化剂辅助光催化反应对提高木质纤维素酶解效果的影响

木质纤维素以其可再生、丰富等优点成为可替代能源的理想选择,然而木质纤维素的致密结构使得后续的酶解过程极其困难,因此木质纤维素的预处理显得尤为重要.为了探讨氧化剂对光催化反应预处理木质纤维素的影响,在TiO₂/UV体系中添加不同种类的氧化剂对稻秆进行预处理,考察TiO₂/UV体系中影响光催化的因素〔ρ（TiO₂）、溶液pH及光催化时间〕,并进一步探讨在TiO₂/UV体系中添加O₃、SPC（过碳酸钠）、K₂S₂O₈及KIO₄等氧化剂对稻秆酶解效果的影响.结果表明:在TiO₂/UV体系中,当光催化时间为3 h、ρ（TiO₂）为10 g/L、pH为8时,稻秆的酶解效果最佳（310.17 mg/g）.TiO₂/UV/O₃光催化体系对稻秆的预处理效果强于TiO₂/UV/氧化剂体系,TiO₂/UV/O₃体系预处理稻秆酶解后产生的w（还原糖）最高,达到356.40 mg/g.TiO₂/UV/O₃体系预处理稻秆成分分析显示,木质素去除率为15.52%.FE-SEM（场发射扫描电镜）、FT-IR（红外光谱）及PXRD（X-射线粉末衍射）等表征分析结果表明,TiO₂/UV/O₃体系预处理能够对稻秆结构进行破坏.研究显示,TiO₂/UV/O₃光催化体系对稻秆进行预处理能够有效提高酶解效率.      

氧化剂在超声波法降解有机废水中的应用研究

超声波法是近年来逐步发展起来的一项水处理技术,它操作简单方便,无二次污染,但是单纯超声处理废水的降解效率并不十分理想,且能量消耗较大,在超声处理过程中加入适当的氧化剂,则可以大大提高超声降解的效果,并且降低能耗。文章分别研究了双氧水、Fenton试剂等氧化剂在超声波处理中的应用及其作用机理,对其发展进行了展望。     

Photochemical production of ozone and control strategy for Southern Taiwan

An observation-based method (OBM) is developed to evaluate the ozone (O₃) production efficiency (O₃ molecules produced per NO_x molecule consumed) and O₃ production rate (P(O₃)) during a field campaign in southern Taiwan. The method can also provide an estimate of the concentration of OH. A key step in the method is to use observed concentrations of two aromatic hydrocarbons, namely ethylbenzene and m,p-xylene, to estimate the degree of photochemical processing and amounts of photochemically consumed NO_x and NMHCs by OH. In addition, total oxidant (O₃+NO₂) instead of O₃ itself turns out to be very useful for representing ozone production in the OBM approach. The average O₃ production efficiency during the field campaign in Fall (2003) is found to be about 10.2±3.9. The relationship of P(O₃) with NO_x is examined and compared with a one-dimensional (1D) photochemical model. Values of P(O₃) derived from the OBM are slightly lower than those calculated in the 1D model. However, OH concentrations estimated by the OBM are about a factor of 2 lower than the 1D model. Fresh emissions, which affect the degree of photochemical processing appear to be a major cause of the underestimate. We have developed a three-dimensional (3D) OBM O₃ production diagram that resembles the EKMA ozone isopleth diagram to study the relationship of the total oxidant versus O₃ precursors. The 3D OBM O₃ production diagram suggests that reducing emissions of NMHCs are more effective in controlling O₃ than reducing NO_x. However, significant uncertainties remain in the OBM, and considerable more work is required to minimize these uncertainties before a definitive control strategy can be reached. The observation-based approach provides a good alternative to measuring peroxy radicals for evaluating the production of O₃ and formulating O₃ control strategy in urban and suburban environments.     

工业废气中氮氧化物的治理研究

对碱液吸收和活性炭吸附两级联合治理氮氧化物废气进行了实验研究,结果表明:对于氮氧化物进口浓度为7000～10 000 mg/m3的氮氧化物废气,氮氧化物的平均脱除率可以达到99%,出口浓度低于99 mg/m3;还进行了以硝酸溶液、双氧水溶液和高锰酸钾溶液为氧化剂湿法氧化碱吸收的实验研究,结果显示3种氧化剂都能显著提高氮氧化物的脱除率,其中以高锰酸钾溶液作氧化剂的脱除效果最好,其次是双氧水溶液.     

烟花爆竹用氧化剂的研究进展

在调查研究的基础上,分析、总结、研讨用于烟花爆竹的氧化剂的历史、现状及发展方向。分析和讨论氯酸盐类、高氯酸盐类、硝酸盐类以及金属氧化物等氧化剂的物化性质、燃爆性能及各自用于烟火剂的优缺点。研究指出:将不同类型的氧化剂复合使用,当选择的组分及搭配的比例合适时,不仅能使各种氧化剂充分发挥其优点,而且还将产生一些新的实际的性能。同时提出:复合氧化剂是配制燃放效果好、安全性能高、价格低廉的烟花爆竹氧化剂的发展方向。     

Using slow-release permanganate candles to remove TCE from a low permeable aquifer at a former landfill

Past disposal of industrial solvents into unregulated landfills is a significant source of groundwater contamination. In 2009, we began investigating a former unregulated landfill with known trichloroethene (TCE) contamination. Our objective was to pinpoint the location of the plume and treat the TCE using in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO). We accomplished this by using electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) to survey the landfill and map the subsurface lithology. We then used the ERI survey maps to guide direct push groundwater sampling. A TCE plume (100-600 μg L⁻¹) was identified in a low permeable silty-clay aquifer (K_h = 0.5 m d⁻¹) that was within 6 m of ground surface. To treat the TCE, we manufactured slow-release potassium permanganate candles (SRPCs) that were 91.4 cm long and either 5.1 cm or 7.6 cm in dia. For comparison, we inserted equal masses of SRPCs (7.6-cm versus 5.1-cm dia) into the low permeable aquifer in staggered rows that intersected the TCE plume. The 5.1-cm dia candles were inserted using direct push rods while the 7.6-cm SRPCs were placed in 10 permanent wells. Pneumatic circulators that emitted small air bubbles were placed below the 7.6-cm SRPCs in the second year. Results 15 months after installation showed significant TCE reductions in the 7.6-cm candle treatment zone (67-85%) and between 10% and 66% decrease in wells impacted by the direct push candles. These results support using slow-release permanganate candles as a means of treating chlorinated solvents in low permeable aquifers.     

大气硫氧化物污染对早熟禾种群遗传结构的影响

大气硫氧化物是我国影响最为严重的污染物之一,本文采用同工酶分析技术研究了大气硫氧化物污染对1年生植物早熟禾种群遗传结构的影响、结果表明,污染地点和清洁地点种群间等位基因频率存在较大差异,但污染种群之间和清洁种群之间等位基因频率比较一致．污染种群的遗传变异明显低于清洁种群,污染种群和清洁种群间的Nai’s遗传距离为0.135～0.150,G_ST为0.202,表明在污染种群和清洁种群之间存在较大的差别．计算的基因流强度较小,为0.988,这与污染地点选择压力较大有关,掩盖了实际种群间的扩散强度．     

Ozone distribution in central Italy and its effect on crop productivity

The focus of the present study was to assess the ozone levels in a typical area of the Mediterranean basin, viz. Tuscany (central Italy). Eighty-thousand hourly mean ozone concentrations were recorded by 10 automatic analysers in the districts of Florence, Pisa, Lucca and Prato, from May to September 1995 to 1997. The highest daily mean concentrations were reached in Florence, with a maximum hourly average of 197 ppb. In Lucca and Pisa, the peaks were close to 100 ppb. Data from Prato were much lower. Long-term critical levels for vegetation, as set by United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), were constantly exceeded in Florence and Pisa, occasionally in Lucca, never in Prato. The results were used to fit exposure/yield response relationships proposed by UNECE and US National Crop Loss Assessment Network for some important crops. The estimated yield losses varied in Florence from 8% for corn and alfalfa to 27% for soybean, in Pisa from 5% for corn to 24% for soybean, in Lucca from 3% for corn to 17% for soybean. A preliminary economic estimate for corn, wheat, barley, soybean, tomato and alfalfa, calculated annual damage to be 4.6 M Euro in Florence, 0.5 M Euro in Lucca and 3 M Euro in Pisa. The picture must be regarded as only partial, as exposure/yield response relationships for important Italian crops (such as grapevine and vegetables) are not available.