氯氟烃及其替代物

近年来,臭氧衰竭比原先预料的更严重,对人类健康和环境构成了严重威胁。“蒙特利尔议定书”和“大气清洁法案”要求2000年要完全清除致臭氧衰竭物质——氯氟烃(CFCs)的生产和使用。目前,世界各地积极开发CFCs的替代物,以加速转换。虽然已开发的氧氯氟烃(HCFCs)、氢氟烃(HFCs)等替代物与CFCs相比还有一定缺点,但最终一定会实现替代转换。     

Prediction of future disposal of end-of-life refrigerators containing CFC-11

The objective of this study was to predict the number of refrigerators containing CFC-11 blown isolation foam and the amount of CFC-11 banked in these refrigerators. By using a Weibull-based survival function, the number of CFC-11 containing and still-functioning refrigerators was estimated to be approximately 1.6 million in 2013 in Turkey. In order to determine the amount of CFC-11 in the isolation foam of these refrigerators, polyurethane (PU) foam samples were taken from a refrigerator manufactured in 1993 and the quantity of CFC-11 was analyzed by a GC-MS. It was determined that 113–195 mg CFC-11/g PU remains in the PU foam depending on the location such as door, sides, top and bottom. Knowing that a mid-sized refrigerator contains 4 kg PU on average, the total amount of PU foam to be disposed of is 6344 tons when the CFC-11 containing refrigerators in Turkey become obsolete in the near future. Furthermore, 717–1237 tons of CFC-11 are expected to be banked in the PU foam of these refrigerators which will exert an equivalent amount of ozone depleting potential (ODP). In addition, the global warming potential will vary between 3.4 and 5.9 million tons of CO₂.     

保护臭氧层谈判中的美欧博弈

臭氧层损耗是重要的全球环境问题之一。最早认识到臭氧层危害的美国率先在国内立法控制相关物质,然而另一大经济体——欧共体,在这一方面却行动迟缓。在保护臭氧层的国际谈判中,美欧之间相互妥协,最终达成了对氟氯烃化合物(CFCs)进行限控的《蒙特利尔议定书》。美欧之间的分歧来自国内化工业巨头的影响,国际经济变动影响外交决策。国际环境问题背后隐藏的经济关系与大国的领导作用是影响国际环境合作的主要因素。     

Degassing of H/He, CFCs and SF6 by denitrification: Measurements and two-phase transport simulations

The production of N₂ gas by denitrification may lead to the appearance of a gas phase below the water table prohibiting the conservative transport of tracer gases required for groundwater dating. We used a two-phase flow and transport model (STOMP) to study the reliability of ³H/³He, CFCs and SF₆ as groundwater age tracers under agricultural land where denitrification causes degassing. We were able to reproduce the amount of degassing (R² = 69%), as well as the ³H (R² = 79%) and ³He (R² = 76%) concentrations observed in a ³H/³He data set using simple 2D models. We found that the TDG correction of the ³H/³He age overestimated the control ³He/³He age by 2.1 years, due to the accumulation of ³He in the gas phase. The total uncertainty of degassed ³H/³He ages of 6 years (± 2 σ) is due to the correction of degassed ³He using the TDG method, but also due to the travel time in the unsaturated zone and the diffusion of bomb peak ³He. CFCs appear to be subject to significant degradation in anoxic groundwater and SF₆ is highly susceptible to degassing. We conclude that ³H/³He is the most reliable method to date degassed groundwater and that two-phase flow models such as STOMP are useful tools to assist in the interpretation of degassed groundwater age tracer data.     

Improving the knowledge of pesticide and nitrate transfer processes using age-dating tools (CFC, SF6, H) in a volcanic island (Martinique, French West Indies)

Numerous successful examples of CFC and SF₆ groundwater dating applications were recently published. However the proposed CFC/SF₆ method needs various hydrodynamic parameters that are not always available. In order to predict groundwater-quality trends in areas where the hydrogeological context is poorly known, a dating method using tritium, CFC and SF₆ was successfully implemented in Martinique. Hydrogeological understanding is limited in this volcanic island where groundwater contamination by pesticides and nitrate has been recently proven in various areas. A negative correlation was observed between nitrate concentrations and groundwater ages while pesticide contamination showed a more complex schema. Consequently the presence of old groundwater clearly explained the absence or low pesticide and nitrate concentrations in some areas. However a possible degradation of the water quality is to be feared in the future. In view of the relatively long transfer times and the complexity of the remobilization processes of solutes, the expected effects of any modifications in the use of fertilizers, or of changes in pesticide-use legislation, would take a long time to become apparent.     

CFCs生产企业废水及产品成分快速检测分析

采用车载GC-MS技术,建立了顶空-GC-MS方法对CFCs产品组分及排污废水中三氯一氟甲烷、二氯二氟甲烷、四氯化碳等成分进行监测分析,实现了快速鉴定企业是否违规生产CFCs相关产品,对于判定企业是否违规提供技术依据。同时,采用顶空-GC/ECD方法对废水中的四氯化碳进行定量分析,以排查企业是否超标排污。     

氯氟烃的代用和处理

本文介绍了氯氟烃的应用现状.面对氯氟烃生产和消费的削减应采取的措施为:开发代用品,合理使用和控制排放,回收和再生,分解和破坏,文中综述了其主要研究动态及存在问题.对我国应采取的措施进行了探讨.     

氯氟烃的再生分解与破坏技术分析

本文介绍了分解和破坏氯氢烃（CFCs）物质的可行工艺技术，主要分析了加热氧化分解CFCs物质的工艺流程特点，对于推动CFCs物质的分解和破坏具有重要指导意义。     

消耗臭氧层物质(ODS)管理研究

自从人类发现南极上空臭氧层空洞以来,国际社会和各国政府为保护臭氧层,加速淘汰消耗臭氧层物质(简称ODS)做了不懈努力.自1989年《蒙特利尔议定书》生效至今,已经召开了25次缔约方大会,超过191个国家和地区加入了该议定书.中国于1991年加入该议定书后,积极履约,进行了大量关于ODS淘汰工作,当前还在进行加强地方消耗臭氧层物质淘汰履约能力建设二期项目工作,加快提升中国的ODS物质淘汰工作进度.     

氯氟烃替代物的开发研究进展

重点介绍了近年来国内外对氯氟烃替代物的研究开发动向，并简要地介绍了主要替代物的性能及应用情况。