环境水体中痕量酚类化合物气相色谱-质谱联用测定法研究

建立了液-液萃取-气相色谱/质谱联用仪测定环境水体中痕量酚类化合物的方法。用乙酸乙酯萃取环境水中的痕量酚类化合物,加入萘-d8作为内标,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪选择离子监测(SIM)的方式进行检测,内标法定量,定性、定量准确,线性响应良好,回归曲线的相关系数均>0.999,平均回收率在89.4%~104%之间,精密度好,相对标准偏差<7.4%;抗干扰能力强,检测灵敏度高,水样中最低检测浓度可达0.001mg/L,经实际样品测定完全能满足环境水体中痕量酚类化合物监测的要求。     

过氧化聚吡咯/聚乙烯吡咯烷酮修饰碳糊电极测定废水中苯酚

建立了过氧化聚吡咯(OPPy)和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)修饰碳糊电极测定废水中苯酚的方法.优化了试验条件,苯酚的氧化峰电流在1.0×10-5 mol/L～1.0×10-3 mol/L之间线性关系良好,检出限为1.0×10-6 mol/L.该电极制作简单,选择性好,测定灵敏度高,精密度与准确度均符合要求.     

水中溶解性苯紫外光解产物苯酚的过程研究

GC（气相色谱）分析表明，溶解在水中的苯在UV（紫外光）作用下可以转化成苯酚。DO（溶解氧）和高pH对苯酚的产生有利。低pH抑制苯酚的产生。反应机理分析表明，苯既可以和DO反应，又可以和氢氧根或以应产生苯酚。     

在线树脂富集流动注射法测定水中痕量酚

研究了用流动注射分析中的流体动力学注入技术与在线树脂富集相结合的方式，富集水中痕量苯酚，以４－氨基安替比林比色法测定的方法。结果表明，当进样频率为２４个样品每小时时，方法的检出限为０．０５ｍｇ／Ｌ，线性范围为０．０５～７ｍｇ／Ｌ；对水中苯酚重复测定１０次，相对标准偏差小于２％；回收率为９９％～１０５％。     

苯酚的褐煤吸附过程及影响因素分析

以污染物苯酚为研究对象,褐煤作为吸附剂,通过批量实验研究了褐煤对废水中苯酚的吸附特性,考察了褐煤粒径、褐煤投加量、反应温度、反应p H、反应时间对吸附作用的影响,并对吸附过程进行了分析。采用Lagergren动力学方程和拟二级吸附动力学方程分析苯酚吸附过程,结果表明,褐煤对苯酚的吸附动力学曲线更符合拟二级吸附动力学方程,反应初始速率随着苯酚初始浓度的升高而增大,但随着煤粉粒径的增大而减小。颗粒内扩散模型对苯酚的吸附动力学曲线分析结果表明:苯酚在褐煤上的吸附首先经历了速率较快的膜扩散控制阶段,进而经历了吸附较缓慢的颗粒内扩散控制阶段,最后到达吸附平衡,褐煤对苯酚的吸附过程主要受到颗粒内扩散控制。     

改性粉煤灰处理黑化集团焦化含酚废水的研究

焦化废水是一种典型的含有难降解有机污染物的工业废水,除含有酚类化合物外,还含有多种芳香烃和杂环类有机污染物,成分复杂,水量大,对环境污染严重。因此,焦化废水处理技术越来越受到环保部门的重视。本文摸索了改性粉煤灰处理焦化含酚废水的试验工艺条件,确定了反应条件,反应时间和反应温度。     

Phenol and nitrophenols in the air and dew waters of Santiago de Chile

Phenol, nitrophenols and dinitrophenols were measured in air and dews in downtown Santiago de Chile. In both systems, phenol, 2-nitrophenol (2-NP), and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) were the compounds found in higher concentrations and with major frequency. Temporal profiles in air were compatible with a significant direct incorporation from mobile sources. The data can be explained in terms of a faster removal of 2-NP than 4-NP, with the former predominating in fresh air masses and 4-NP in more aged samples. All these compounds, as well as dinitrophenols, were found in dew waters. Simultaneous measurements in air and dew indicate that phenol present in dew exceeds that expected in equilibrated samples, while the opposite occurs with 4-NP. This last result is associated to mass transfer limitations for the highly water soluble nitroderivative.     

The removal of lignin and phenol from paper mill effluents by electrocoagulation

This study aims to investigate the treatment of paper mill effluents using electrocoagulation. Removal of lignin, phenol, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) from paper mill effluents was investigated at various current intensities by using different electrodes (Al and Fe) and at various electrolysis times (1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5min). It was observed that the experiments carried out at 12V, an electrolysis time of 2min and a current intensity of 77.13mA were sufficient for the removal of these pollutants with each electrode. The removal capacities of the process using an Al electrode were 80% of lignin, 98% of phenol, 70% of BOD, and 75% of COD after 7.5min. Using an Fe electrode the removal capacities were 92%, 93%, 80% and 55%, respectively. In addition, it was found that removal of lignin, phenol, BOD and COD increased with increasing current intensity. In the experiments carried out at different current intensities, higher removal can be explained through a decrease in intra-resistance of solution and consequently an increase at the transfer speed of organic species to electrodes. It was also found that Al electrode performs higher efficiency than Fe electrode except for COD removal. However, the time required for removal of BOD was more than that of COD. The results suggest that electrocoagulation could be considered as an effective alternative to paper mill effluents treatment.     

Phenol depletion by thermally activated peroxydisulfate at 70°C

The ability of thermal activated peroxydisulfate (PS) of mineralizing phenol at 70 °C from contaminated waters is investigated. Phenol in concentrations of 10⁻⁴ to 5 × 10⁻⁴ M is quantitatively depleted by 5 × 10⁻³ to 10⁻² M activated PS in 15 min of reaction. However, mineralization of the organic carbon is not observed. Instead, an insoluble phenol polymer-type product is formed. A reaction mechanism including the formation of phenoxyl radicals and validated by computer simulations is proposed. High molecular weight phenolic products are formed by phenoxyl radical H-abstraction reactions. This is not the case for the room temperature degradation of phenol by sulfate radicals where sulfate addition to the aromatic ring mainly leads to the generation of hydroxycyclohexadienyl radicals leading to hydroxybenzenes and oxidized open chain products. Therefore, a change in the reaction mechanism is observed with increasing temperature, and thermal activation of PS at 70 °C does not lead to the mineralization of phenol. Thus PS activation at 70 °C may be considered a potential method to reduce the load of phenol in polluted waters by polymerization.     

Adsorption of phenol and its derivatives from water using synthetic resins and low-cost natural adsorbents: a review

In this article, the technical feasibility of the use of activated carbon, synthetic resins, and various low-cost natural adsorbents for the removal of phenol and its derivatives from contaminated water has been reviewed. Instead of using commercial activated carbon and synthetic resins, researchers have worked on inexpensive materials such as coal fly ash, sludge, biomass, zeolites, and other adsorbents, which have high adsorption capacity and are locally available. The comparison of their removal performance with that of activated carbon and synthetic resins is presented in this study. From our survey of about 100 papers, low-cost adsorbents have demonstrated outstanding removal capabilities for phenol and its derivatives compared to activated carbons. Adsorbents that stand out for high adsorption capacities are coal-reject, residual coal treated with H3PO4, dried activated sludge, red mud, and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-modified montmorillonite. Of these synthetic resins, HiSiv 1000 and IRA-420 display high adsorption capacity of phenol and XAD-4 has good adsorption capability for 2-nitrophenol. These polymeric adsorbents are suitable for industrial effluents containing phenol and its derivatives as mentioned previously. It should be noted that the adsorption capacities of the adsorbents presented here vary significantly depending on the characteristics of the individual adsorbent, the extent of chemical modifications, and the concentrations of solutes.