环境保护在学习实践科学发展观活动中的地位与作用——从环境哲学角度看学习实践科学发展观活动

环境保护是科学发展观的题中之意，科学发展观关于环境保护的论述，是党的环境保护理论的精髓。学习实践科学发展观活动，是一个哲学内涵非常丰富的课题，是十分难得的研究环境哲学的大好机遇。试点经验显示了环境保护在学习实践科学发展观活动中的重要作用。他们一方面在科学发展中通过转变发展方式，调整经济结构，解决环境难题；一方面坚持环境保护与经济发展并重，在保护环境中求发展，努力实现环境与经济“双赢”。其共性是，注重治本、注重生态、注重政策。深入学习实践科学发展观，关键在实践，要深入一线，深入调研，融人群众的实践，总结来自一线的新鲜经验。要适应新形势，了解新情况，解决新问题。在学习实践科学发展观活动中，不断提高落实科学发展观，在科学发展中，提高解决环境问题的能力，实现环境与发展、环境与经济的“双赢”。     

Obligations to animals are based on rights

Some feminist philosophers criticize the idea of human rights because, they allege, it encapsulates male bias; it is therefore misguided, in their view, to extend moral rights to non-human animals. I argue that the feminist criticism is misguided. Ideas are not biased in favour of men simply because they originate with men, nor are ideas themselves biased in favour of men because men have used them prejudicially. As for the position that women should abandon theories of rights and embrace an ethic that emphasizes care: women who made this choice would not so much liberate themselves from the patriarchy as they would conform to its representation of women as emotional, subjective and irrational. There is, then, no good reason to withhold ascribing rights to non-human animals, based on the criticisms of rights made by some feminists.Some of the material in the discussion of the feminist critique of rights originally appeared in my The Case for Animal Rights: A Decade's Passing inA Quarter Century of Value Inquiry: Presidential Addresses of the American Society of Value Inquiry, edited by Richard T. Hull, pp. 451–455. Amsterdam and Atlanta, GA: Rodopi, 1994. These passages are reprinted with the permission of the editor and publisher, whose thoughtful co-operation is gratefully acknowledged.     

环境及环境科学的哲学概观

从哲学层次上考察环境和环境科学有关问题，对环境问题的根本解决与环境科学的发展具有世界观与方法论上的指导意义。环境是一个哲学范畴，是主体活动赖于进行的自然、社会、人文条件的总和。环境哲学承认环境的价值因素，引入环境价值系统，实行自然资源的有偿使用。环境哲学将伦理观引入自然环境之中，倡导人类须规范其行为、尊重自然环境有其存在与发展的权利。环境哲学寻求从根本上解决人类自身发展的道路。     

构思“安全学”

以辩证唯物主义为主线 ,对“安全学”的内涵 ,从安全科学的学科体系、构成、安全学的地位和作用 ,安全的自然属性与社会属性 ,世界观、人生观、价值观与安全观 ,安全哲学、安全哲理与安全方法 ,原始安全动力学、安全系统的灰色特征以及安全系统的非线性等主要方面进行了构思 ,以图搭起“安全学”的顶层结构 ,为撰写“安全学”打下基础。     

基于科学发展观的安全哲学思考

从科学发展观的理论视角出发,论述安全发展观的哲学内涵:辩证统一的安全利益关系,工人、企业责任人和安全监督人员等不同安全主体应树立正确的安全利益观;统筹安全社会技术系统,统筹不同安全行业,统筹人员、机械设备、环境和管理等安全要素;安全发展观的贯彻落实依靠安全可持续;建议树立全面、协调、可持续的安全发展观。采用系统思考方法构建安全系统动力学模型,在人员、机械设备、环境、管理4个变量因子的影响下,安全系统安全度水平下降,造成安全系统从可持续安全状态进入临界可持续安全状态,最终跃迁到不可持续状态,导致伤亡事故发生,并结合安全木桶安全要素讨论仿真结果。     

Obligations to animals are not necessarily based on rights

I offer a very qualified argument to the effect that rights are grounded in a certain sort of prejudice that privileges individualistic and perhaps masculinist ways of thinking about moral life. I also propose that we look carefully at other conceptions of social ontology and moral life, including the much discussed care conception.     

Conservation or Preservation? A Qualitative Study of the Conceptual Foundations of Natural Resource Management

Few disputes in the annals of US environmentalism enjoy the pedigree of the conservation-preservation debate. Yet, although many scholars have written extensively on the meaning and history of conservation and preservation in American environmental thought and practice, the resonance of these concepts outside the academic literature has not been sufficiently examined. Given the significance of the ideals of conservation and preservation in the justification of environmental policy and management, however, we believe that a more detailed analysis of the real-world use and understanding of these ideas is needed. In this paper, we describe the results of a qualitative, semantic study of the concepts of conservation and preservation undertaken in the context of the Chattahoochee National Forest (CNF), located in northern Georgia (USA). Thirty in-depth interviews were conducted with scientists and north Georgia residents either interested or involved in the future management of the forest. Respondents were asked to define conservation and preservation in their own words and to indicate which approach they felt was more appropriate for the management of the CNF. Qualitative content analysis was used to elicit a set of recurring themes for each foundational concept. Taken together, these themes help to flesh out the meaning of conservation and preservation for citizens and scientists today, and illustrate the evolving nature of two of the more significant and venerable ideas animating US environmental policy and management.     

老庄道家思想所蕴含的生态伦理观念

中国古代思想家老子、庄子在生态环境伦理方面就如何协调人与自然的关系提出了许多宝贵的思想,如“天人合一”、“道法自然”、“知止”等。这些观点对我们解决二十一世纪所面临的生态环境问题具有重要的启迪意义。     

The ethics of genetic engineering and gene drives in conservation

The ethical issues associated with using genetic engineering and gene drives in conservation are typically described as consisting of risk assessment and management, public engagement and acceptance, opportunity costs, risk and benefit distributions, and oversight. These are important, but the ethical concerns extend beyond them because the use of genetic engineering has the potential to significantly alter the practices, concepts, and value commitments of conservation. I sought to elucidate the broader set of ethical issues connected with a potential genetic engineering turn in conservation and provide an approach to ethical analysis of novel conservation technologies. The primary rationales offered in support of using genetic engineering and gene drives in conservation are efficiency and necessity for achieving conservation goals. The instrumentalist ethical perspective associated with these rationales involves assessing novel technologies as a means to accomplish desired ends. For powerful emerging technologies the instrumentalist perspective needs to be complemented by a form-of-life perspective frequently applied in the philosophy of technology. The form-of-life perspective involves considering how novel technologies restructure the activities into which they are introduced. When the form-of-life perspective is applied to creative genetic engineering in conservation, it brings into focus a set of ethical issues, such as those associated with power, meaning, relationships, and values, that are not captured by the instrumentalist perspective. It also illuminates why the use of gene drives in conservation is so ethically and philosophically interesting.     

环境伦理学目的性理论的内在矛盾

环境伦理学的目的性理论有其内在的矛盾。一是它没能说清自然的整体目的与个体目的之间的关系,它们是从属的关系,还是各自独立的关系?二是它在坚持自然目的性的时侯,忽略了人的精神目的性。当它去解释自然事件时,用的是前一种关系,而当它去解释人类的精神事件时,又用了后一种关系.在这个地方,罗尔斯顿的理论陷入了二元论。