镉胁迫对大豆花荚期生理生态的影响

为了探讨重金属胁迫对大豆繁殖期生理生态的影响,采用盆栽试验方法,研究了Cd2+胁迫对五月王和日本青两个大豆品系花荚期植株生长及叶片叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD),活性、过氧化物酶(POD),活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响.结果表明:(1)低质量分数Cd2+胁迫对2个大豆品系的花荚期植株生物量和植株高度均具有促进作用,但随着Cd2+质量分数的增加转而抑制大豆植株的生物量和高度的增加,且质量分数越高其抑制作用越明显.(2)不同质量分数Cd2+处理对花荚期大豆叶片叶绿素合成具有刺激效应,两个大豆品系结荚期的叶绿素含量随胁迫时间的延长呈先增加后降低的趋势.(3)短时间、低质量分数的Cd2+胁迫能增强大豆花荚期SOD活性,长时间、高质量分数的Cd2+胁迫能抑制大豆花荚期SOD活性.(4)随着Cd2+质量分数增加,五月王和日本青结荚期POD活性逐渐升高,但其时间效应有差异;随着胁迫时间的延长,日本青花荚期POD活性稳步提高,而五月王在长时间、高质量分数Cd2+胁迫下POD活性降低.(5)随着Cd2+质量分数和胁迫时间的递增,大豆MDA含量呈"先升后降"趋势.(6)大豆五月王和日本青花荚期对Cd2+耐受性存在较大差异,这主要是由二者的遗传学因素不同决定的而不是环境因素.     

杉木采伐迹地改植尾巨桉后对土壤水分及物理性质的影响

以厚荚相思林和灌草坡自然恢复植被为对照,研究了尾巨桉人工林随着植被恢复过程对土壤水分及物理性质的影响.结果表明:(1)尾巨桉林地在连续晴天和连续雨天情况下土壤(0～80 cm土层)平均含水率依次为18.33%～22.69%和22.29%～26.66%,分别比厚荚相思林和灌草坡减少1.0%～18.1%;(2)尾巨桉林地(0-1 m)平均土壤渗透速度为2.72～10.56mm·min-1,比灌草坡增加2.5%～7.1%,而比厚荚相思林减少6.5%～25.4%;(3)尾巨桉林地(0～1 m)平均土壤容重为1.219～1.499 g·cm3,比灌草坡下降0.6%～2.6%,而比厚荚相思林增大0.8%～2.5%;(4)尾巨桉林地((0～1 m)土壤非毛管孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和总孔隙度依次为8.3%～12.8%、33.2%～36.0%和43.2%～46.0%,比灌草坡提高1.6%～2.4%,而比厚荚相思林降低1.5%～3.2%;(5)尾巨桉林地(0-1 m)土壤最大持水量、毛管持水量及最小持水量依次为433.30 mm、347.44mm和253.14 mm,分别比灌草坡和厚荚相思林降低1.5%～3.3%;(6)尾巨桉林地(0～1 m)土壤有效贮水量为265.6mm,比灌草坡和厚荚相思林降低1.5%～3.3%.     

丛枝菌根对翅荚木生长及吸收累积重金属的影响

针对湖南某铅锌矿区土壤重金属污染严重问题,采用温室盆栽的方法,以该矿区污染土壤为基质,先锋植物翅荚木(Zenia insignis Chun)为宿主植物,研究摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae,Gm)和根内球囊霉(G.intraradices,Gi)两种丛枝菌根(Arbuscular Mycorrhizal,AM)真菌对翅荚木生长和吸收累积重金属的影响.结果表明,重金属污染条件下,两种AM真菌均能与翅荚木形成良好的共生关系,且AM真菌能够显著促进植物吸收磷,增加植物生物量,同时改变植物重金属吸收及分配.总体来说,AM降低了翅荚木体内Fe、Cu、Zn和Pd浓度,同时增加了Fe、Cu、Zn和Pd累积量.而两种AM真菌对植物体内重金属分配影响并不相同,而且受重金属种类影响,接种Gi降低了植物Fe、Zn和Pb的TF值,而接种Gm对植物Zn和Pb的TF值无影响,两种AM真菌对植物Cu的TF值均无影响,表明Gi具有能够强化翅荚木根系固持Fe、Zn和Pb的能力.本研究表明,AM真菌在翅荚木适应重金属污染中起着重要的积极作用,因而在重金属污染土壤的植物修复中具有极高的潜在应用价值,但在具体应用中需考虑菌种和植物组合及重金属类型等因素.     

Response of successive three generations of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), fed on cotton bolls under elevated CO2

The growth, development and consumption of successive three generations of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera （Htibner）, fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO2 （double-ambient vs. ambient） in open-top chambers were examined. Significant decreases in protein, total amino acid, water and nitrogen content and increases in free fatty acid were observed in cotton bolls. Changes in quality of cotton bolls affected the growth, development and food utilization of H. armigera. Significantly longer larval development duration in three successive generations and lower pupal weight of the second and third generations were observed in cotton bollworm fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO2. Significantly lower fecundity was also found in successive three generations of H. armigera fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO2. The consumption per larva occurred significant increase in successive three generations and frass per larva were also significantly increased during the second and third generations under elevated CO2. Significantly lower relative growth rate, efficiency of conversion of ingested food and significant higher relative consumption rate in successive three generations were observed in cotton bollworm fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO2. Significantly lower potential female fecundity, larval numbers and population consumption were found in the second and third generations of cotton bollworm fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO2. The integrative effect of higher larval mortality rate and lower adult fecundity resulted in significant decreases in potential population consumption in the latter two generations. The results show that elevated CO2 adversely affects cotton bolls quality, which indicates the potential population dynamics and potential population consumption of cotton bollworm will alleviate the harm to the plants in the future rising CO2 atmosphere.     

2种短周期工业用材林种植恢复过程对林内小气候的影响

在广西南宁市北郊的杉木林采伐迹地上,经过炼山清理,营造厚荚相思林和尾巨桉林以及灌草坡自然恢复3种植被类型,分别对主要气象要素进行连续4 a的对比观测.结果表明:(1)厚荚相思林和尾巨桉林内太阳辐[射]照度日平均值分别为126.6和90.8 W·m-2,分别占灌草坡植被的50.4%和36.1%;并随着林龄增大林内太阳辐[射]照度呈波浪式下降趋势.(2)厚荚相思林和尾巨桉林内年平均空气温度和地面温度分别比灌草坡植被降低0.7～0.8和1.8～2.7 ℃,并随着林龄增大温度逐渐降低.2种林分各年份空气相对湿度比灌草坡植被提高1～3百分点;并随着林龄增大而使林分内的增湿作用越明显.(3)2种短周期工业用材林种植恢复到5年生时,对林内小气候的调节作用已达到了成熟林分的水平,且厚荚相思林优于尾巨桉林.