丙烯腈生产废水中聚合物的资源化利用

以丙烯腈生产废水中的丙烯腈低聚物为原料制备聚丙烯酰胺。通过正交实验考察了水解反应条件和交联反应条件对反应的影响。FTIR表征结果显示,丙烯腈低聚物中的氰基已完全水解为酰胺基,产物聚丙烯酰胺中含有酰胺基和羧基。实验结果表明,在自来水加入量100 m L、水解反应温度95℃、m(Na OH)∶m(丙烯腈低聚物)=2.0、水解反应时间3 h的最佳水解反应条件,交联反应温度60℃、质量分数37%~40%的甲醛加入量6 m L、交联反应时间2 h的最佳交联反应条件下,处理20 g丙烯腈低聚物,可得到产物聚丙烯酰胺14.50 g,聚丙烯酰胺的水解度为21.1%、相对分子质量为2.7×106。产品性能满足Q/SH 0046—2007《钻井液用聚丙烯酰胺技术要求》中部分水解聚丙烯酰胺的性能要求。     

哌拉西林的水解机理研究

水解是哌拉西林（piperacillin,PIP）在环境中迁移转化的主要途径之一.本文测定了PIP在不同温度、pH条件下的水解速率常数、半衰期及活化能.在pH为3、5、5.6（无缓冲盐）、7的条件下，每增加10℃，PIP的平均水解速率因子增加0.497 h-1. pH为9时的PIP水解速率大于pH为3、5、5.6（无缓冲盐）、7时的水解速率. PIP的水解反应途径受pH影响，在酸性条件下，PIP的主要水解产物含有哌嗪结构，质荷比为143与492；在弱酸性和中性条件下，PIP会与其水解产物形成较为稳定的二聚体，抑制PIP的进一步水解；在碱性条件下，PIP的水解产物中哌嗪结构不稳定，会进一步水解，质荷比为143的产物进一步水解为质荷比为100的水解产物，质荷比为536的产物进一步水解为质荷比为554的产物.     

气浮+A~2/O+MBR工艺在制药废水处理中的应用

制药废水组分复杂,有机物浓度较高。采用气浮+A2/O+MBR工艺处理制药废水,运行结果表明,COD去除率达92%以上,BOD5去除率达95%以上,氨氮去除率达85%以上,总磷去除率达89%以上,且MBR出水浊度小,跨膜压差低,系统运行稳定。     

氟磺隆水解动力学研究

采用试验室内模拟试验的方法,研究不同pH的缓冲溶液和不同自然水体对氟磺隆水解的影响。实验结果表明,不同pH缓冲溶液和不同自然水体对氟磺隆水解速率均有不同程度的影响。在碱性条件下氟磺隆的水解速率最快,半衰期为0.2 d,酸性条件下次之,半衰期为6.0 d,在中性条件下水解较慢,半衰期为15.7 d,而在不同自然水体中氟磺隆的降解速率为:伊通河水稻田水青湖水蒸馏水。     

还原水解——SBR法降解化工工业废水研究

本文用实验的方法研究了还原水解-SBR法降解化工工业废水的设计水解实验参数和运行参数,重点研究厌氧水解的限制因素,通过实验论证了本方法经济可行,处理效果较好。     

Phosphatase activity and culture conditions of the yeast Candida mycoderma sp. and analysis of organic phosphorus hydrolysis ability

Orthophosphate is an essential but limiting macronutrient for plant growth. About 67% cropland in China lacks sufficient phosphorus, especially that with red soil. Extensive soil phosphorus reserves exist in the form of organic phosphorus, which is unavailable for root uptake unless hydrolyzed by secretory acid phosphatases. Thus, many microorganisms with the ability to produce phosphatase have been exploited. In this work, the activity of an extracellular acid phosphatase and yeast biomass from Candida mycoderma was measured under different culture conditions, such as pH, temperature, and carbon source. A maximal phosphatase activity of 8.47 × 10^5±0.11× 10^5 U/g was achieved by C. Mycoderma in 36 hr under the optimal conditions. The extracellular acid phosphatase has high activity over a wide pH tolerance range from 2.5 to S.0 （optimum pH 3.5）. The effects of different phosphorus compounds on the acid phosphatase production were also studied. The presence of phytin, lecithin or calcium phosphate reduced the phosphatase activity and biomass yield significantly. In addition, the pH of the culture medium was reduced significantly by lecithin. The efficiency of the strain in releasing orthophosphate from organic phosphorus was studied in red soil （used in planting trees） and rice soil （originating as red soil）. The available phosphorus content was increased by 230% after inoculating 20 days in rice soil and decreased by 50% after inoculating 10 days in red soil. This work indicates that the yeast strain C. mycoderma has potential application for enhancing phosphorus utilization in plants that grow in rice soil.     

Removal of phosphate from wastewater using alkaline residue

Alkaline residue(AR) was found to be an efficient adsorbent for phosphate removal from wastewater. The kinetic and equilibrium of phosphate removal were investigated to evaluate the performance of modified alkaline residue. After treatment by NaOH(AR-NaOH), removal performance was significantly improved, while removal performance was almost completely lost after treatment by HCl(AR-HCl). The kinetics of the removal process by all adsorbents was well characterized by the pseudo second-order model. The Langmuir model exhibited the best correlation for AR-HCl, while AR was effectively described by Freundlich model. Both models were well fitted to AR-NaOH. The maximum adsorption capacities calculated from Langmuir equation were in following manner: AR-NaOH AR AR-HCl. Phosphate removal by alkaline residue was pH dependent process. Mechanisms for phosphate removal mainly involved adsorption and precipitation, varied with equilibrium pH of solution. For AR-HCl, the acid equilibrium pH( 6.0) was unfavorable for the formation of Ca-P precipitate, with adsorption as the key mechanism for phosphate removal. In contrast, for AR and ARNaOH, precipitation was the dominant mechanism for phosphate removal, due to the incrase on pH( 8.0) after phosphate removal. The results of both XRD and SEM analysis confirmed CaHPO4·2H2O formation after phosphate removal by AR and AR-NaOH.     

三峡水库沉积物中碱性磷酸酶的活性

为了解三峡水库沉积物中碱性磷酸酶(APA)活性的特点,采集了来自三峡水库干支流的11个柱状沉积物,测定了沉积物中碱性磷酸酶的活性。结果表明,三峡水库沉积物中碱性磷酸酶活性有明显的空间异质性。干流的茅坪、郭家坝、巴东的酶活性小且没有显著性差异,茅坪位点的碱性磷酸酶活性在垂直方向上随着采样深度的增加而递减,而巴东和郭家坝的酶活性在垂直方向上变化趋势不明显;支流酶活性表现为:香溪河>大宁河>小江>干流,从上游到下游的酶活性变化呈现多峰值的变化,而在垂直方向上同样表现为随着采样深度的增加而递减。此外,碱性磷酸酶活性与水体富营养化程度、沉积物的污染程度和沉积环境有关,因此可以将其作为评价水体营养状况的指标之一。     

三聚磷酸二氢铝对氨气、有机胺气体的静态吸附

研究三聚磷酸二氢铝对氨、甲胺、二甲胺、三甲胺、正丁胺等气体的静态吸附过程动力学特性。比较了三聚磷酸二氢铝、活性炭对碱性气体的吸附性能与规律,通过滴定实验和红外测定推测其吸附机理。结果表明:活性炭对碱性气体的吸附存在脱附,尽管吸附速率较快但吸附量较小,对氨气、甲胺、二甲胺、三甲胺和正丁胺的吸附量分别是73.12、76.37、79.24、83.11、70.91 mg/g。三聚磷酸二氢铝对碱性气体的吸附是一个化学吸附过程,吸附速率快且吸附量大,吸附量分别是431.7、790.1、889.2、912.4、635.3 mg/g,其吸附过程符合Elovich方程,是一个由吸附速率和扩散因子综合控制的过程。     

黏土矿物原位修复镉污染稻田及其对土壤氮磷和酶活性的影响

分别以黏土矿物坡缕石和海泡石作为钝化材料,对重金属镉污染的酸性水稻土壤进行原位钝化修复田间示范试验,考察了两种黏土矿物在不同添加剂量下对稻谷产量、糙米镉含量及土壤中有效态镉含量等变化的影响,用以表征修复效果.同时,深入研究了两种黏土矿物对土壤pH、土壤水解氮、有效磷含量及相关酶活性的影响以表征其对土壤环境质量的影响,并对各项理化指标之间的相关性进行分析.结果表明,田间示范条件下两种黏土均提高了土壤pH,降低了土壤中镉的生物有效性,明显降低了糙米中镉含量.其中,经2.00 kg·m-2坡缕石和2.25 kg·m-2海泡石处理后,糙米镉含量最大降幅分别为54.6%和73.5%,分别降低至0.32和0.18 mg·kg-1.土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶及蔗糖酶的活性均得到不同程度的提高,表明经钝化修复后土壤中相关代谢反应得到恢复;两种黏土矿物对土壤中水解氮含量无明显影响,但降低了土壤有效磷含量.综合总体表现,两种黏土矿物可被推荐作为镉污染酸性稻田土壤的原位钝化修复材料.