致癌性卤代醌介导的脂质氢过氧化物分解的分子机制

卤代醌是许多卤芳香持久有机污染物的致癌代谢产物和饮用水消毒副产物.13-过氧羟基-9,11-十八碳二烯酸(13-HPODE)是最为广泛研究的内源性脂质过氧化物.众所周知,过渡金属离子可以催化分解13-HPODE,但尚不清楚卤代醌是否可以通过不依赖金属离子的途径促进其分解;若是如此,又有什么特异性和相似性?我们发现卤化醌如2,5-二氯-1,4-苯醌(DCBQ)可显著促进13-HPODE的分解.综合采用电子自旋共振-自旋捕获、HPLC-MS和GC-MS等分析方法,可检测到反应形成的脂质烷基自由基如戊烷基自由基、7-羧甲基自由基以及具有基因毒性的4-羟基-2-壬烯醛(HNE)等.在DCBQ和13-HPODE的反应中也能检测到两种氯醌-脂质烷氧基耦合物.我们认为卤代醌促进内源性脂质过氧化物13-HPODE分解生成活性脂质烷基自由基和基因毒性的HNE是通过一类新型的金属非依赖亲核取代与裂解机理来实现的,这也在一定程度上解释了其潜在的基因毒性和致癌性.     

Seasonal and diurnal variations of atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate, peroxypropionyl nitrate, and carbon tetrachloride in Beijing

Atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate(PAN), peroxypropionyl nitrate(PPN), and carbon tetrachloride(CCl4) were measured from September 2010 to August 2011 in Beijing. PAN exhibited low values from mid-autumn to early spring(October to March) with monthly average concentrations ranging from 0.28 to 0.73 ppbV, and increased from early spring to summer(March to August), ranging from 1.37–3.79 ppbV. The monthly variation of PPN was similar to PAN, with low values(below detection limit to 0.18 ppbV) from mid-autumn to early spring, and a monthly maximum in September(1.14 ppbV). The monthly variation of CCl4was tightly related to the variation of temperature, exhibiting a minimum in winter(69.3 pptV) and a maximum of 180.6 pptV in summer. Due to weak solar intensity and short duration, PAN and O3showed no distinct diurnal patterns from morning to night during winter, whereas for other seasons, they both exhibited maximal values in the late afternoon(ca. 15:00 to 16:00 local time) and minimal values during early morning and midnight. Good linear correlations between PAN and PPN were found in autumn(R = 0.91), spring(R = 0.94), and summer(R = 0.81), with slopes of 0.130, 0.222, and 0.133, respectively, suggesting that anthropogenic hydrocarbons dominated the photochemical formation of PANs in Beijing. Positive correlation between PAN and O3 in summer with the low slopes( O3 / PAN) ranging from 9.92 to 18.0 indicated serious air pollution in Beijing, and strong negative correlation in winter reflected strong O3consumption by NO titration and less thermal decompositin of PAN.     

锰基氧化物活化过硫酸盐降解水中有机污染物的研究进展

近年来,基于硫酸根自由基（SO₄·-）的新型高级氧化技术研发及其在水污染控制和土壤修复方面的应用备受关注.锰基氧化物因其结构性质多变、自然丰度高、环境友好等优势,被广泛应用于活化过氧一硫酸盐（PMS）和过氧二硫酸盐（PDS）处理难降解有机污染物.该文对可活化PMS/PDS的锰基氧化物的类型、结构特征、合成方法及影响反应活性的因素等进行了介绍,重点对不同锰基催化剂活化PMS/PDS的反应机理进行了讨论,并对未来的研究和发展进行了展望,旨在为拓展锰基矿物材料环境应用和阐明过硫酸盐活化机制提供重要参考.结果表明:活化产生的SO₄·-和羟基自由基（·OH）对污染物的降解起关键作用.SO₄·-具有较高的稳定性和氧化性,在降解过程中发挥主导作用.复合型锰基氧化物相较于单一锰基氧化物表现出更优的催化反应活性.PMS和PDS活化的反应机理存在显著差异:前者通过Mn（Ⅳ）与Mn（Ⅲ）之间的氧化还原循环,先生成SO₅·-再产生SO₄·-,而后者是通过氧化还原反应相继生成S₂O₈·-及SO₄·-.此外,MnO₂活化PDS还存在仅生成单态氧的非自由基反应机理.现阶段锰基氧化物活化PDS的相关研究仍比较匮乏,值得未来进一步深入研究.锰基材料活化PDS/PMS产生的活泼中间体Mn（Ⅲ）的鉴定及对污染物降解的贡献仍需更多直接的试验证据.      

UV/PMS体系硝基氯酚降解动力学及机理研究

采用紫外光(UV)/单过氧硫酸氢盐(PMS)体系可有效地氧化降解4-氯-2-硝基酚(4C2NP).考察了溶液p H值、底物初始浓度、PMS初始浓度和氯离子、硝酸根离子初始浓度对4C2NP降解效果的影响.在p H2~5时,体系中4C2NP的降解速率并未出现显著差异;随着p H值升高至近中性,其降解过程受到一定程度抑制.初始底物浓度和PMS浓度与体系中4C2NP的降解速率分别呈现负、正相关关系.外加氯离子对4C2NP降解呈现出双重作用,而硝酸盐离子对4C2NP降解抑制作用不显著.脱氯和脱硝过程是4C2NP主要的降解途径.被释放的氯离子会通过自由基反应进行再氯化过程,而脱落的硝基会很快被氧化生成稳定的硝酸盐,从而抑制了硝基的循环过程.最后,根据中间产物推断了4C2NP降解过程的反应机理.     

大气环境中PAN污染现状及转化机理的研究进展

过氧乙酰硝酸酯（PAN）是光化学烟雾中重要的二次有机污染物，跟细颗粒物和臭氧污染都有着相关联系，已逐渐引起国内外学者的广泛关注。基于近年来国内外对PAN进行的相关研究，总结了PAN的污染现状、监测技术和生成降解机制等方面的研究进展。目前监测到的PAN浓度的空间区域特征总体呈现出城区明显大于郊区，日浓度高峰值通常出现在12:00-16:00之间，一年中夏季平均浓度较低。PAN生成速率主要受过氧乙酰（PA）自由基的生成速率影响，大气中PA自由基主要由乙醛、丙酮、甲基乙二醛、丁烯酮和联乙酰等含氧挥发性有机物生成，多数情况下乙醛对PA自由基的贡献率最高。PAN热解反应路径O-N键断裂优于O-O键断裂以及协同的C-C键和O-O键断裂；水解反应路径C-O键断裂和无水分子参与的O-N键断裂优于水分子参与的O-N键断裂。     

改性陶瓷膜催化PMS氧化的二级出水处理特性

以高效去除污水厂二级出水中溶解性有机物为目的,设计了两种由碳基催化剂(N-C、Fe/N-C)制成的高效渗透无损催化陶瓷膜(N-C-CM、Fe/N-C-CM),建立了复合催化膜原位活化过氧单硫酸盐(PMS)过滤体系,探明了复合催化膜的最佳反应条件.结果表明,在催化剂负载量为0.15g,PMS投加量为15mmol/L,pH值为9的条件下,相较PMS直接氧化结合原始陶瓷膜(VCM)过滤与N-C-CM原位活化PMS过滤体系,Fe/N-C-CM原位活化PMS过滤体系对二级出水中TOC、色度和UV₂₅₄去除率最高,分别为62.83%、81.42%、56.62%,出水浑浊度为0.00NTU.通过对比有无PMS时3种陶瓷膜在相同条件下过滤二级出水后的膜比通量、膜污染阻力分布与反冲洗后的膜通量恢复率,进一步证实了Fe/N-C-CM原位活化PMS过滤体系能减少膜表面污染物聚集,从而有效缓解膜污染.通过EPR进一步证实Fe/N-C-CM原位活化PMS过滤体系较PMS直接氧化结合VCM过滤与N-C-CM原位活化PMS过滤体系产生更多的SO₄^-?...     

天津夏季边界层低层大气中PAN和O3的输送特征分析

采用在线仪器监测分析2017年夏季天津气象铁塔220 m观测平台大气中过氧乙酰硝酸酯(PAN)和O_3的体积分数,并结合气象观测资料和后向轨迹分析PAN和O_3的输送特征.观测期间PAN和O_3体积分数平均值分别为(0.73±0.56)×10~(-9)和(53±25)×10~(-9),最大小时体积分数分别为3.49×10~(-9)和137×10~(-9),PAN和O_3体积分数具有相似的日变化特征,白昼PAN和O_3浓度高于夜间,且PAN和O_3浓度相关系数(R2=0.52)显著高于夜间(R2=0.21).观测期间偏南风下PAN和O_3浓度最高,偏东风下最低,风玫瑰图和后向轨迹聚类分析都表明,来源于西南方向的气流轨迹对应的污染物浓度最高,途经渤海和河北、辽宁沿海地区的偏东气流对应的PAN和O_3体积分数最低,边界层内输送对PAN和O_3的体积分数分布起到了重要作用.     

Wintertime peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in the megacity Beijing: Role of photochemical and meteorological processes

Previous measurements of peroxyacetyl nitrate(PAN) in Asian megacities were scarce and mainly conducted for relative short periods in summer. Here, we present and analyze the measurements of PAN, O3, NOx, etc., made at an urban site(CMA) in Beijing from 25 January to 22 March 2010. The hourly concentration of PAN averaged 0.70 × 10 9mol/mol(0.23 × 10 9–3.51 × 10 9mol/mol) and was well correlated with that of NO2but not O3, indicating that the variations of the winter concentrations of PAN and O3in urban Beijing are decoupled with each other. Wind conditions and transport of air masses exert very significant impacts on O3, PAN, and other species. Air masses arriving at the site originated either from the boundary layer over the highly polluted N-S-W sector or from the free troposphere over the W-N sector. The descending free-tropospheric air was rich in O3, with an average PAN/O3ratio smaller than 0.031, while the boundary layer air over the polluted sector contained higher levels of PAN and primary pollutants, with an average PAN/O3ratio of 0.11. These facts related with transport conditions can well explain the observed PAN-O3decoupling. Photochemical production is important to PAN in the winter over Beijing. The concentration of the peroxyacetyl(PA) radical was estimated to be in the range of 0.0014 × 10 12–0.0042 × 10 12 mol/mol. The contributions of the formation reaction and thermal decomposition to PAN's variation were calculated and found to be significant even in the colder period in air over Beijing, with the production exceeding the decomposition.     

Peroxyacetyl nitrate observed in Beijing in August from 2005 to 2009

Measurements of peroxyacetyl nitrate（PAN） were made at a Beijing urban site each August from2005 to 2009. Over this 5-year period, the average PAN concentration for August in each year increased from 3（2005） to 11.7 μg/m3（2007）; however, it decreased rapidly in 2008（4.1 μg/m3）.Generally, the variation over the 5 years showed a rise in the first part of the study period,followed by a decline. We considered two categories of local and regional air masses in this study, which revealed that the PAN concentration in Beijing was affected mainly by southeastern air masses. The August PAN variation was influenced predominantly by local air masses in 2005,but by 2009 regional air masses had become more important. This study showed the level and variation of PAN in the month of August in 5 consecutive years for the first time, and proved that control measures are useful in decreasing photochemical pollution; hence, these measures are probably feasible for other megacities too. Furthermore, this method of analyzing regional and local impacts might be useful for other studies as well.     

高水分含量对煤自然发火特性参数影响的试验研究

为了研究水分对煤自燃升温过程的影响,运用XK-Ⅳ型煤自然发火试验装置对大南湖高水分含量松散煤体进行煤自然发火的特性参数测定,分析高水分含量对煤自燃升温过程的耗氧速率、CO和CO2产生率及放热强度等特性参数的影响。结果表明,煤样中的高水分含量对煤自燃过程不同阶段的影响不同,低温阶段(80℃以前),高水分含量促进过氧络合物生成,对煤氧复合有促进作用;80~110℃阶段,高水分含量蒸发汽化潜热对煤氧复合反应有抑制作用。