大窑湾海域虾夷扇贝体内麻痹性贝毒的周年变化

麻痹性贝毒是对人体健康构成严重危害的甲藻类毒素。2007～2008年,大窑湾虾夷扇贝体内麻痹性贝毒2周年的调查发现,其含量与组分有着明显的季节变化,4-7月份麻痹性贝毒含量较高,4月份最高,平均含量可达378.32μg STXeq/100 g,有C1、C2、GTX1、GTX2、GTX3、GTX5、dcGTX2、dcGTX3、neoSTX、STX等10种毒素组分。大窑湾虾夷扇贝体内麻痹行贝毒组分显著增多,含量明显增高。     

浙江近岸有害赤潮发生区麻痹性贝毒素研究

用小白鼠生物检测法和高效液相色谱法对采自浙江舟山海域和浙江中南部海域的麻痹性贝毒素进行了调查分析。结果表明:浙江舟山海域六横岛的西格织纹螺含有贝毒,其毒素含量为3.7 Mu/g,舟山海域有毒贝类检出率为3.1%。浙江中、南部海域南麂列岛的棒锥螺含有贝毒,其毒素含量<1.7 Mu/g,浙江中、南部海域有毒贝类检出率为9.1%。     

塔玛亚历山大藻对鲈鱼幼鱼毒性效应研究

塔玛亚历山大藻（Alexandrium tamarense)(ATHK)藻液能对鲈鱼（Lateolabrax japonicus)幼鱼（2．5cm）的存活有明显的影响，96h的半致死浓度为4000cells/mL。根据该藻PSP产毒量37．48fmol/cell（毒性为11pg(STX eq)/cell）计算，鲈鱼幼鱼的96h半致死藻毒素浓度相当于149．92fmol/L（毒性为44pg（STX eq)/L）。通过对塔玛亚历山大藻藻液各组分（都相当于8000cells/mL）：藻细胞悬浮液、去藻过滤液、细胞内容物以及细胞碎片的毒性大小比较研究，发现藻细胞的毒性作用很强，与藻液相近，细胞内容物也有显著影响，其他组分无显著的毒性作用，结果表明幼鱼摄入PS旨幼鱼致死的原因。较大的幼鱼（12cm）对有毒藻不敏感，暴露在1000cells/mL 10d后，存活率为100％。探讨了塔玛亚历山大藻的致毒机制和途径。     

Toxicity of Brachuryan crabs in India

Crabs are the most abundant macrofauna in the coastal environment, and may belong to many different species and even families. Some of these crabs contain specialized protein substances that act as toxins. Toxins, especially proteins that are produced by living cells or organisms, are poisonous substances. Toxins can be divided according to their pharmacological effects (neurotoxins, myotoxins, hepatotoxins, nephrotoxins, hematological toxins, and locally acting toxins) and their sources, such as snakes, scorpions, mussels, spiders, marine creatures, or sea anemones. Crab toxins are heat resistant and are found in the crabs’ viscera. Hence, they cannot be destroyed by cooking, and there is also no known treatment available for these toxins. The only alternative is to educate fishermen, holiday makers, and seafood consumers to recognize these poisonous species and avoid them. Several toxins identified from crabs are neurotoxins, related to tetradotoxin (TTX), which is found in pufferfish. Other toxins include saxitoxin (STX), neurosaxitoxin (NeoSTX), and some unidentified toxins. Some poisonous crabs possess a mixture of these toxins. This article describes the toxins and Brachuryan crabs producing toxicity.     

塔玛亚历山大藻经蒙古裸腹溞至美国红鱼鱼苗的麻痹性贝类毒素传递与代谢研究

首次采用枝角类作为麻痹性贝类毒素(Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning,PSP)海洋食物链传递的媒介,实验研究了PSP从甲藻塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)经枝角类蒙古裸腹溞(Moina mongolica)至美国红鱼(Sciaenops ocellatus)鱼苗的动态传递与代谢过程.结果表明,塔玛亚历山大藻为550～4900个·mL-1时,蒙古裸腹潘体内可以检测到麻痹性贝类毒素(PSP),美国红鱼鱼苗因摄入含PSP的蒙古裸腹溞而染毒.整个实验过程中,塔玛亚历山大藻、蒙古裸腹溞、美国红鱼消化腺均含有N-磺酰氨甲酰基类毒素C1 2,后者还检测到新生成的氨基甲酸酯类毒素neoSTX.毒素传递给蒙古裸腹溞时,C1 2中β型毒素C2的比例增大,传递给鱼苗时,则α型毒素C1的比例增加.毒素净化期间,鱼苗体内的C1、C2含量基本呈下降趋势,但neoSTX未呈现特定规律性;总毒素含量除藻密度550个·mL-1实验外,随净化时间的推移而下降.     

麻痹性贝毒素的毒理效应及检测技术

近年来世界各地，特别是我国浙江、广东等沿海地区赤潮发生过度频繁，许多赤潮生物分泌的毒素不但使其他海洋生物中毒，更会对人类健康造成潜在的危害。因此对赤潮毒素的研究已成为海洋环境科学研究的重要内容。麻痹性贝毒素是其中重要的一类赤潮藻毒素。它们毒性大，作用强，在全球的分布越来越广泛，并且已经在世界范围内造成了严重的危害，引起了国内外科学家的高度重视。本文详细综述了近年来国外在麻痹性贝毒素检测技术方面最新的研究进展，重点介绍了麻痹性贝毒素的化学结构、前处理技术和分析检测新技术及其毒性作用机理。     

浙江近岸海域有害赤潮发生区麻痹性贝毒素研究

用小白鼠生物检测法和高效液相色谱法对采自浙江舟山海域和浙江中南部海域的麻痹性贝毒素进行了调查分析。结果表明,浙江舟山海域六横岛的西格织纹螺含有贝毒,其毒素为3,7Mu／g,舟山海域有毒贝类检出率为3．1％;浙江中南部海域南麂列岛的棒锥螺含有贝毒,其毒素〈1.7Mu／g,浙江中、南部海域有毒贝类检出率为9．1％。     

Copper and cadmium effects on growth and extracellular exudation of the marine toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella: 3D-fluorescence spectroscopy approach

In this study, metal contamination experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of copper and cadmium on the growth of the marine toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella and on the production of dissolved organic matter (Dissolved Organic Carbon: DOC; Fluorescent Dissolved Organic Matter: FDOM). This species was exposed to increasing concentrations of Cu²⁺ (9.93 × 10⁻¹⁰–1.00 × 10⁻⁷ M) or Cd²⁺ (1.30 × 10⁻⁸–4.38 × 10⁻⁷ M), to simulate polluted environments. The drastic effects were observed at pCu²⁺ = 7.96 (Cu²⁺: 1.08 × 10⁻⁸ M) and pCd²⁺ = 7.28 (Cd²⁺: 5.19 × 10⁻⁸ M), where cyst formation occurred. Lower levels of Cu²⁺ (pCu²⁺ > 9.00) and Cd²⁺ (pCd²⁺ > 7.28) had no effect on growth. However, when levels of Cu²⁺ and Cd²⁺ were beyond 10⁻⁷ M, the growth was totally inhibited. The DOC released per cell (DOC/Cell) was different depending on the exposure time and the metal contamination, with higher DOC/Cell values in response to Cu²⁺ and Cd²⁺, comparatively to the control. Samples were also analyzed by 3D-fluorescence spectroscopy, using the Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC) algorithm to characterize the FDOM. The PARAFAC analytical treatment revealed four components (C1, C2, C3 and C4) that could be associated with two contributions: one, related to the biological activity; the other, linked to the decomposition of organic matter. The C1 component combined a tryptophan peak and a characteristic humic substances response, and the C2 component was considered as a tryptophan protein fluorophore. The C3 and C4 components were associated to marine organic matter production.     

塔玛亚历山大藻对栉孔扇贝胚胎和早期幼虫的影响

塔玛亚历山大藻Alexandrium tamarense(藻株ATHK）能抑制栉孔扇贝Chlamys farreri受精卵的孵化和早期D型幼虫的存活。实验发现，暴露于密度为100和500cells/mL的塔玛亚历山大藻中，36h后，扇贝受精卵的孵化率分别为对照组的30%和5%，在实验范围内，三角褐指藻和赤潮异弯藻对受精卵孵化无影响，而另一塔玛亚历山大藻灌株ATCI02对受精卵孵 化有显著影响，指数生长前期时的藻对受精卵的毒性最大，原肠期之前各阶段的胚胎对塔玛亚历山大藻毒性最敏感，在密度为3000cells/mL以上的塔玛亚历山大藻中，早期D型幼虫存活和活力开始显著下降，在密度为5000cells/mL藻中暴露20d或10000cells/mL藻中暴露14d后，D型连续剧虫的存活率为0。塔玛亚历山大藻产生的毒性物质为非PSP毒素的一类未知毒素。     

淡水水体麻痹性贝毒污染的现状

麻痹性贝毒是一类水溶性的神经毒素,造成神经细胞电压敏感性钠离子通道(VSSC)高亲和力障碍,与细胞膜离子结合后引起细胞膜内外正常离子的流动失衡,造成膜电位反常,使人瘫痪.麻痹性贝毒的污染及其产毒藻已成为一个受人关注的公共健康问题.综述麻痹性贝毒的理化性质和毒性特点、淡水水体麻痹性贝毒污染及其5种淡水产毒蓝藻,并对淡水中PSP防治工作提出建议.