Improving invasive species management by integrating priorities and contributions of scientists and decision makers

Managing invasive species is a major challenge for society. In the case of newly established invaders, rapid action is key for a successful management. Here, we develop, describe and recommend a three-step transdisciplinary process (the “butterfly model”) to rapidly initiate action for invasion management. In the framing of a case study, we present results from the first of these steps: assessing priorities and contributions of both scientists and decision makers. Both scientists and decision makers prioritise research on prevention. The available scientific knowledge contributions, however, are publications on impacts rather than prevention of the invasive species. The contribution of scientific knowledge does thus not reflect scientists’ perception of what is essentially needed. We argue that a more objective assessment and transparent communication of not only decision makers’ but also scientists’ priorities is an essential basis for a successful cooperation. Our three-step model can help achieve objectivity via transdisciplinary communication.     

B级钢侧架圆角细节耐久性力学模型研究

根据Paris公式推导出适用于B级钢圆角细节耐久性分析的 ,在一定裂纹尺寸范围内的裂纹扩展速率公式及其检验方法 ,笔者模拟货车B级钢转 8A侧架的导框弯角内侧 (A区 )的圆角细部进行耐久性实验 ;以试验数据的检验证明 ,在 0 .4～ 4mm的尺寸范围内 ,选用的断裂力学模型是合理的 ;同时为建立合理的检修周期和寿命体系提供理论模型和安全评价基础。     

环球空气微生物考察

在1986年10月31日～1987年5月17日间,中国＂极地＂船作环球暨南极的航行中对空气微生物进行了考察。测点分布在其行经的30921海里的空气中,样品计432份。作了对微生物的含量分析及分类研究。结合有关参数,比较各类型环境间微生物含量的差别,指出本环球航行所经各区空气微生物的状况。结果表明,西半球、大西洋、温带、台湾海峡、南美洲、中国、坎帕纳（阿根廷）、黄海等区域的空气微生物含量一般分别比同类环境的高。南大洋空气较洁净,所考察的环球空气至少有15属细菌和5属酵母,葡萄球菌、微球菌较多,长城站空气中有芽孢杆菌。的结果说明长城站的空气微生物含量高于其他两测区的,内海（此处指麦克斯威尔湾）空气的微生物含量高于开阔性海域的（指南设得兰群岛海域）,与其他区域比,陈皓文等,国际五城市空气微生物概况（待发表）。陈皓文等,中国南极长城站微生物考察（待发表）。南设得兰群岛区域的微生物（待发表）。表7世界5个海峡空气微生物含量表8南美一些近海河流、水道空气微生物含量表9中国海空气微生物含量（CFL/m3）南极半岛空气仍较洁净,但长城站的空气有待改善。当船只进入中国海域时,均测定了空气微生物。结果列于表9,表中说明黄海的空     

密闭压力容器小型循环试验结果

在联合国危险品运输试验和标准建议书(桔皮书)中,系列E涉及评价物质在密闭容器中对剧烈加热的热爆炸敏感性的标准。但是人们一直希望并致力于发展一种定量,可靠,重复性好的方法来评价物质的热爆炸敏感性。本文介绍了一种小型密闭压力容器循环试验的研究及其作为一种筛选试验向联合国提案的最新进展。实验结果表明,几种物质在不同实验室的重复性非常好,其(dP／dt)max平均偏差率在20％以内,表明该小型密闭压力容器作为评价物质热反应危险性的测试方法具有较高的可靠性。     

Interlaboratory comparison exercise for the analysis of PCDD/Fs in samples of digested sewage sludge

Five UK laboratories participated in a study designed to explore the principal sources of interlaboratory variation in the analysis of PCDD/Fs in sewage sludge. Samples of wet sludge, dry sludge, toluene extract of sludge and cleaned extract of sludge were prepared by an organising laboratory. The samples were analysed in duplicate by each laboratory along with a solution of PCDD/F standards and reference sediment. Mean coefficients of variation between laboratories were 45% for the wet sludge, 33% for the dry sludge, 32% for the extract of sludge, 36% for the cleaned extract of sludge, 32% for the reference sediment and 28% for the standard solution. The results were subjected to statistical analysis, which showed that there was no specific part of the analysis that introduced a dominant part of the variation. The spread of data generated from the analysis of wet sludge samples was not appreciably greater than the spread for the analysis of cleaned extracts. Thus the drying, extraction and clean up processes in the PCDD/F analysis of wet sludge did not have a dramatic effect on the interlaboratory variation.     

What do we really know about the impacts of one of the 100 worst invaders in Europe? A reality check

Invasive species are one of the greatest threats to biodiversity worldwide, and to successfully manage their introductions is a major challenge for society. Knowledge on the impacts of an invasive species is essential for motivating decision makers and optimally allocating management resources. We use a prominent invasive fish species, the round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) to objectively quantify the state of scientific knowledge on its impacts. Focusing on how native fish species are affected by round goby invasions, we analyzed 113 peer-reviewed papers and found that impacts are highly ecosystem and time scale dependent. We discovered round goby impacts to be profound, but surprisingly complex. Even if identical native species were affected, the impacts remained less comparable across ecosystems than expected. Acknowledging the breadth but also limitations in scientific knowledge on round goby impacts would greatly improve scientists’ ability to conduct further research and inform management measures.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-015-0718-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

助剂在石灰法造纸中的应用

在造纸生产中应用助剂,可以把抄纸排水中原本泄漏掉的细小纸浆纤维回收并转化为产品.一方面削减了造纸废水中的污染负荷、减轻了水处理的压力,同时提高了纸品的质量和产量,给企业带来了显著的经济效益.因此,应该大力提倡在造纸生产中使用造纸助剂.     

圆冲头压入半无限体的组合解析法

将圆冲头压入半无限体变形区,模拟成实心圆盘与空心圆环压缩的组合,将R_f/R_ο=θ设为特定参量.以上界定理对定冲压力解析解,给出了最小上界值及相对应的变形区形状.     

WTO多哈回合贸易与环境谈判进展——WTO贸易与环境委员会(CTE)主席Manuel Teehankee大使向贸易谈判委员会(TNC)的报告

世界贸易组织(WTO)多哈谈判异常艰缓,虽已历时十年但仍距结束遥遥无期。在此形势下,为避免多哈谈判彻底失败,世贸组织拟把原来"一揽子承诺"的谈判模式转向"早期收获"模式。2011年4月21日,世贸组织总干事拉米和各谈判组主席发布了关于多哈回合启动十年来各议题谈判的报告和现有谈判案文。商务部世界贸易组织司选择其中一些比较重要的案文和报告译出。这些案文和报告是多哈回合谈判十年来的一个全面回顾,期待着为国内学者深入开展相关研究提供基础背景和相关信息。本译文是WTO贸易与环境委员会(CTE)主席Manuel Teehankee大使向贸易谈判委员会(TNC)的报告。Report by the Chairman of Committee on Trade and Environment in Special Session,Ambassador Manuel A.J.Teehankee,to the Trade Negotiations Committee(TN/TE/20,2011/04/21;http://docsonline.wto.org)     

WTO多哈回合贸易与环境谈判进展——WTP贸易与环境委员会（CTE）主席ManuelTeehankee大使向贸易谈判委员会（TNC）的报告

世界贸易组织（WTO）多哈谈判异常艰缓,虽已历时十年但仍距结束遥遥无期。在此形势下,为避免多哈谈判彻底失败,世贸组织拟把原来“一揽子承诺”的谈判模式转向“早期收获”模式。2011年4月21日,世贸组织总干事拉米和各谈判组主席发布了关于多哈回合启动十年来各议题谈判的报告和现有谈判案文。商务部世界贸易组织司选择其中一些比较重要的案文和报告译出。这些案文和报告是多哈回合谈判十年来的一个全面回顾,期待着为国内学者深入开展相关研究提供基础背景和相关信息。本译文是WTO贸易与环境委员会（CTE）主席ManuelTeehankee大使向贸易谈判委员会（TNC）的报告。Report by the Chairman of Committee on Trade and Environment in Special Session, Ambassador Manuel A. J. Teehankee, to the Trade Negotiations Committee （TN/TE/20, 2011/04/21; http：//docsonfine.wto.org）