PTA生产废水处理装置的开工及问题探讨

阐述了乌石化ＰＴＡ废水两段好氧处理系统的原理和启动运行过程，并对运行中发现的问题提出了解决方案     

Misoperation monitoring and early warning during startup and shutdown of petrochemical units

Most petrochemical units run under extreme conditions, such as high temperatures, pressures, and speeds. Consequently, the equipment operators may commit errors because the startup and shutdown processes usually involve complicated operation steps; moreover, the operators may lack experience in handling abnormal situations. Misoperation can lead to accidents, including fires and explosions. Thus, risk analysis for process operations and the development of preventive measures have become an effective means of avoiding misoperation-related accidents. However, it is challenging to ensure the comprehensiveness of risk-analysis results. In this paper, we present a method for misoperation monitoring and early warning in the startup and shutdown processes of petrochemical units. The mechanisms of misoperation occurrence are summarized based on investigations of serious accidents in the recent past. Knowledge regarding the mechanisms of misoperation is crucial for the risk analysis of petrochemical units. The potential risk information, such as causes, adverse consequences, key monitoring parameters, and prevention control solutions, should be acquired and be employed to construct an early-warning knowledge database. Furthermore, misoperation judgment rules need to be formulated to identify misoperations. The data obtained from the monitoring module, misoperation judgment rules, and analysis results can aid in developing schemes to avoid possible abnormal situations. This paper reports a misoperation monitoring and early-warning system for a hydrogenation unit. As demonstrated, conducting risk analysis to determine the potential operational risks and formulating misoperation judgment rules to analyze the process data are essential for enabling early warning. The application of this method will contribute to operational guidance, economic loss reduction, and accident avoidance.     

UASB反应器在啤酒废水处理中的应用

对升流式厌氧污泥床反应器（UASB）辅以生物接触氧化工艺在处理啤酒废水中的应用，进行了系统设计参数选择、工程设计、运行效果分析，重点阐述了UASB反应器的启动、运行及运行调控指标选择。     

Population dynamics during startup of thermophilic anaerobic digesters: The mixing factor

Two thermophilic digesters were inoculated with manure and started-up under mixed and stagnant conditions. The Archaea in the mixed digester (A) were dominated by hydrogenotrophic Methanobateriaceae (61%) with most of the methane being produced via syntrophic pathways. Methanosarcinales (35%) were the only acetoclastic methanogens present. Acetate dissipation seems to depend on balanced hydrogenotrophic-to-acetotrophic abundance, which in turn was statistically correlated to free ammonia levels. Relative abundance of bacterial community was associated with the loading rate. However, in the absence of mixing (digester B), the relationship between microbial composition and operating parameters was not discernible. This was attributed to the development of microenvironments where environmental conditions are significantly different from average measured parameters. The impact of microenvironments was accentuated by the use of a non-acclimated seed that lacks adequate propionate degraders. Failure to disperse the accumulated propionate, and other organics, created high concentration niches where competitive and inhibiting conditions developed and favored undesired genera, such as Halobacteria (65% in B). As a result, digester B experienced higher acid levels and lower allowable loading rate. Mixing was found necessary to dissipate potential inhibitors, and improve stability and loading capacity, particularly when a non-acclimated seed, often lacking balanced thermophilic microflora, is used.     

Anaerobic treatment of industrial wastewaters

Anaerobic processes are widely used for treatment of organic wastes. Fixed-film anaerobic processes are capable of handling high organic loads due to higher biomass concentration in the form of biofilms. Anaerobic biofilm reactor startup is greatly influenced by environmental, cellular and surface factors, and is often hindered by low growth rates of anaerobes and their strict environmental requirements. However, these obstacles can be overcome by applying appropriate startup strategies.     

水源水生物处理系统启动与再启动过程的硝化性能

基于中试规模试验 ,考察了微污染水源水生物接触氧化处理系统启动与再启动过程的硝化性能 ,探讨了处理系统启动过程的影响因素 ,比较了启动与再启动过程的氨氮去除效果。研究结果表明 ,氨氮去除量上升速率近似反映了启动与再启动过程硝化细菌的对数增长速率 ,是启动与再启动进程的重要量度 ;水温影响启动与再启动过程所需的时间 ,气水比影响处理系统可达到的氨氮硝化能力 ;保持长有成熟生物膜的填料浸没于水中 ,再启动过程较新填料挂膜的启动过程硝化细菌适应期短。     

EGSB反应器实验装置及启动实验设计研究

EGSB反应器被认为是最有前途的厌氧反应器,目前的研究还比较有限。为了开展EGSB反应器相关实验研究,本文设计了一种可实际操作的EGSB反应器实验装置,同时结合该实验装置,设计了行之有效的启动实验方案。实验表明,该实验装置及实验方案是切实可行的,反应器运行2个月,污泥颗粒化进展顺利,EGSB反应器初期启动成功,为后续相关实验研究奠定了良好的基础。     

预处理-两段好氧工艺处理PTA生产废水的开工运行

针对Amoco技术PTA生产排水中TA含量高的特点，采用预处理-两段好氧工艺处理该废水在洛阳石化总厂成功地实施了工业运行。介绍了开工过程并对有关问题进行了讨论。     

水源水生物处理工艺启动中氨氮的去除

通过沉淀槽与生化槽串联的试验系统，分析了微污染水源水生物接触氧化处理工艺启动过程氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的变化规律。研究结果表明，在无暴气条件下和曝气条件下，填料上硝酸盐细菌的生长均依赖于亚硝酸盐细菌转化氨氮为亚硝酸盐氮的过程。启动中氨氮去除效果趋于稳定的过程是两类硝化细菌在生长速率和转化能力上趋于稳定的过程。提供生化槽充足的曝光气量是保证填料上硝化细菌稳定生长，顺利完全启动过程的必要条件。