基于土壤气调查的废弃工业场地人体健康风险评估研究

土壤气采样和分析是蒸气侵入评估的一个常用的工具.以某废弃化工场地为研究区,采集污染区域10个点位处的土壤气（编号SG1至SG10）,并分析土壤气中的苯、乙苯、四氯化碳、三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯和三氯甲烷等挥发性有机物.根据测定的土壤气体浓度,结合Johnson ＆amp;Ettinger（J＆amp;E）侵入模型评估了该废弃场地土壤气中挥发性有机物侵入带来的人体健康风险.风险评估结果表明,SG5与SG6处非致癌风险指数大于1,而10个采样点位中有9个（除SG8处）的单一污染物可接受致癌风险均超过1.0E-6.相对于非致癌风险,致癌风险存在面更加广泛,同时程度也比较严重,在进行场地再开发之前需要考虑场地修复等风险管理措施.     

基于棕地的居民小区土壤重金属健康风险评价

以河南省某市不同类型的棕地居民小区为研究对象,采集土壤样品,测定重金属(As、Hg、Cd、Pb)含量,采用美国环境保护署(US EPA)推荐的健康风险模型对其展开健康风险评价.结果表明,棕地居民小区土壤重金属含量和健康风险比原棕地有了明显改善,但均高于非棕地居民小区;各小区土壤重金属的HQ和HI均小于1,不存在非致癌健康风险;CR和TCR略超过US EPA推荐的土壤治理标准,但低于一些专家所提出的宽松标准,存在致癌风险的可能;儿童4种重金属的HI大于成人,约相当于成人的7倍左右.HQAs对HI的贡献率在75%左右,CRAs对TCR的贡献率在80%左右,As是最主要的非致癌和致癌风险因子.     

Assessing London,Ontario's brownfield redevelopment effort to promote urban intensification

Intensification of existing urban areas is currently a major item on the policy agenda of the Ontario and Canadian governments. As part of the urban intensification drive, brownfield sites have become major candidates for redevelopment. Governments at all levels have initiated policies and programmes to encourage their remediation and redevelopment. This paper reports the findings of a qualitative exploration of brownfield redevelopment in London, Canada. Through in-depth interviews (n?=?17) with key stakeholders involved in brownfield redevelopment, the study explores the level of participation in brownfield redevelopment, barriers to brownfield redevelopment in the city, and perceptions about financial incentives in the city's Brownfield Community Improvement Plan. The study found that despite the availability of financial incentives, the overall private sector participation in brownfield redevelopment is low due to barriers such as competition from greenfield, risk, cost, negative public perception of brownfields, and complex remediation processes. The paper provides policy suggestions that may contribute to a more active participation in brownfield redevelopment in the city.     

Linking the stressors and stressing the linkages: Human—environment vulnerability and brownfield redevelopment in New York City

This paper suggests that the mitigation of one hazard—soil contamination—can unintentionally affect vulnerabilities and perceived vulnerabilities to additional stressors in the local human—environment system through a study of brownfield redevelopment in New York City. This study employs a Vulnerability Scoping Diagram (VSD) approach to identify components that contribute to vulnerabilities and perceived vulnerabilities in the local community, based on the thematic analysis of 55 interviews with residents from four neighbourhoods with brownfield redevelopment activities in New York City. This analysis of resident observations and perceptions of post-redevelopment hazard conditions indicates how mitigating vulnerability to one urban hazard—soil contamination—has the potential to affect vulnerabilities and perceived vulnerabilities to additional hazards like flooding and air pollution because of the complex linkages among multiple stressors. A causal model of vulnerability to the unintended impacts of brownfield redevelopment is subsequently developed to further demonstrate the interactive linkages among exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity to multiple stressors. This study also provides measures that stakeholders can monitor and evaluate over time to track the socio-spatial and environmental implications of brownfield redevelopment and subsequent changes in the local human—environment system.     

Environmental Isotopes for Resolution of Hydrology Problems

The use of environmental isotopes as tracers in the hydrosphere is increasing as analytical instrumentation improves and more applications are discovered. There exists still misconceptions on the role of isotopes in resolving hydrology problems. Naturally occurring isotopes in the environment describe hydrological processes, estimate ages, fingerprint sources and pathways, yet are not subject to the regulatory restraints of artificial isotope injections nor the limited extent of many chemical tracers, particularly dyes and particulates. A short review is presented for practicing hydrologists on the basis for employing stable and radioactive isotopes and a synopsis of recent isotope hydrology applications is provided. Special focus is presented on the emergent role of water isopopes (¹⁸O, ²H, ³H) in wet-weather flow research in urban watersheds. A brief technical approach for an experimental site in the Mill Creek Watershed, Ohio is outlined.     

美国"棕色区域"的治理法律介评

"棕色区域"问题是经济发展到一定阶段带来的环境问题.一些国家逐渐开始应对.棕色区域问题涉及到各种因素,如法律,税收,财产权,土地开发等多种因素,所以是一个复杂的,较难解决的问题.以起步较早的美国为例,以联邦立法为重心,论述了美国在"棕色区域"治理中的政策和法律制度,并对其进行了简要的评述.以期对这个问题有清醒的认识.棕色区域问题实质上是土壤污染的治理问题,这对中国缺位的土壤污染立法有重大的借鉴意义.     

Increasing the capacity of community development corporations for brownfield redevelopment: an inside-out approach

While the redevelopment of brownfield sites has been the mainstay of public agencies and private developers, this paper argues that in order to promote just redevelopment that encourages participation and targets weak market sites, a community-based approach to brownfield redevelopment should be encouraged. Furthermore, this paper maintains that community development corporations (CDCs) could be the ideal agents to spur community development and address environmental justice concerns through their increased involvement in brownfield redevelopment projects. In order to promote these positions, we first describe this new approach, which focuses on building the capacity of CDCs to meaningfully participate in brownfield redevelopment. We then offer four proposals designed to increase this capacity. We conclude with a discussion of how community-based brownfield redevelopment connects to larger issues of democratic decision-making, environmental justice, and urban revitalisation.     

钢铁工业遗留场地土壤重金属洗脱剂筛选研究

土壤重金属污染限制了工业遗留场地再利用,通过振荡试验考察了HCl、HNO3和EDTA对工业遗留场地土壤中超标重金属Pb、Zn、Cd和As的洗脱效果。结果表明：土壤Pb、Zn、Cd、As的脱除效果均随洗脱剂浓度增加而增加;HCl、HNO3和EDTA等3种洗脱剂浓度分别为0.5、0.5和0.1 mol.L-1时,土壤Pb、Cd质量分数可降低至场地安全再利用的控制标准以内（分别为140 mg.kg-1、1mg.kg-1）;洗脱剂浓度分别增至2、2和0.2 mol.L-1时,土壤Pb、Cd质量分数继续降低,Zn、As质量分数有大幅降低但没有达到其相应的场地安全控制标准（分别为200、20 mg.kg-1）;与EDTA相比,HCl在低浓度时的重金属脱除效果较差,但HCl浓度增加对重金属脱除率的提高效果更为明显;洗脱液pH值（7.88~0.15）与重金属脱除率均呈显著负相关且与As的负相关系数最小,说明洗脱液pH值变化对As去除的影响相对较小;与HCl和HNO3相比,EDTA洗脱液pH值与Pb脱除率之间的负相关系数较大,与Zn、Cd、As脱除率之间的负相关系数较较小,说明EDTA洗脱液pH值变化更易对Pb的去除产生影响。     

农药企业棕地土壤中多环芳烃的分布特征

为了解农药企业搬迁遗留场地土壤中多环芳烃（PAHs）的分布特征,在某农药企业搬迁遗留场地的不同功能区设置采样点,分层采集土壤样品并分析其污染物的垂向分布特征.结果表明,在表层、亚表层土壤样品中PAHs含量较高,随着深度的增加土壤中PAHs含量逐渐下降,但下降幅度呈现出一定的波动性.通过研究污染物的组成以及土壤理化性质与...     

工业废弃场地再开发的环境评估：Ⅱ健康风险评估

工业废弃场地往往受到严重的土壤地下水污染,再开发往往会给公众带来潜在健康风险。对河南某城市一工业废弃污染场地进行了健康风险评估。根据未来土地利用状况,分剐对居住场景和建筑场景的健康风险进行了评估。在居住场景下,总石油烃会引起较高的非致癌风险,而苯会通过口腔摄入和呼吸摄入导致较高的致癌风险。假如长期饮用MW—1附近区域的地下水时,苯和总石油烃会给居民带来不可接受的非致癌风险。同时苯还会带来较高的致癌风险。在建筑场景下,由于较短的暴露周期,场地污染不会带来不可接受的风险。为保护未来居民的健康,应当在场地开发为住宅小区前进行污染区域的修复。