基于光合色素的化学分类法在淡水藻类研究中的应用

采用反相高效液相色谱技术(RP HPLC)系统研究了我国主要淡水藻类--蓝藻、绿藻、硅藻、甲藻、金藻、裸藻和隐藻等的光合色素，在8种纯培养藻类中共确定类胡萝卜素、叶绿素及其衍生物19种。分离到的主要标志性色素按洗脱时间分别为脱植基叶绿素a、19′ 丁酰氧岩藻黄素、叶绿素c、脱镁叶绿素a、多甲藻素、甲基脱植基叶绿素a、岩藻黄素、新黄质、紫黄质、蓝藻叶黄素、硅甲藻黄素、硅藻黄质、叶黄素、玉米黄素、叶绿素b异构体、叶绿素b、叶绿素a异构体、叶绿素a和β 胡萝卜素；其中在纯培养的铜绿微囊藻中首次鉴定到19′ 丁酰氧岩藻黄素；通过官桥基地的实际监测，证实了该技术应用的可行性，为基于HPLC分析技术的浮游植物化学分类法提供了理论依据。     

Chemistry of the postpharyngeal gland secretion and its implication for the phylogeny of IberianCataglyphis species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Summary A comparative morphological and chemical study of six endemic species ofCataglyphis from the Iberian Peninsula:C. ibericus, C. rosenhaueri, C. hispanicus, C. humeya, C. velox andC. floricola and the Moroccan speciesC. bombycinus is described. The morphological study relied primarily on genitalia characteristics, whereas the chemical study concentrated on the postpharyngeal gland constituents. Cladograms based on the morphological and chemical data were performed using Ward's method. The dendrogram based on morphological features revealed that the IberianCataglyphis can be classified into three species groupsalbicans, altisquamis andemmae. The same pattern occurred when the dimethylalkanes constituents of the postpharyngeal gland were utilised as character states, with a slight displacement of species within thealtisquamis group. However, when the complete hydrocarbon blend was utilised major discrepancies in the dendrograms occurred.Cataglyphis velox proved to be very similar toC. bombycinus, whereasC. floricola clustered with the other two species of thealtisquamis group. Based on the geographical distribution and paleontological data (Tinaut 1993) it is assumed thatC. floricola recently invaded the Iberian Peninsula. Based on the chemical findings we postulate that chemical character displacement occurred inC. floricola as a result of its sympatry withC. velox after the former colonized the Iberian Peninsula. We further discuss the possible reason for the different dendrograms obtained when only the dimethylalkanes are considered and its implication for the communicative role of the postpharyngeal gland secretion in these ants.     

Ladybird defence alkaloids: Structural,chemotaxonomic and biosynthetic aspects (Col.: Coccinellidae)

Summary The defensive mechanisms which protect ladybird beetles (Coccinellidae) against predators are reviewed. Besides behavioural mechanisms, such as thanatosis and reflex bleeding, chemical defence mechanisms are playing a prevalent role. Indeed, ladybirds are protected not only by their smell, but also by repulsive alkaloids, most of which are considered to be of autogenous origin. In a few cases, dietarily-acquired substances are also involved. Particular emphasis is laid on the repellent alkaloids which are contained in the haemolymph of many species. The structures of 34 nitrogen-containing compounds isolated so far are presented, and their distribution within the family is discussed in the light of the most widely accepted classification of these beetles. To conclude, the mode of release of the alkaloids, their variation through the life cycle and their repellent and toxic properties are discussed, as well as the few biosynthetic data yet available.     

海洋浮游藻类的化学分类法

综述了以色素分析为基础的海洋浮游藻类化学分类法的发过程，发现基础性数据缺乏和应用范围不够广阔是阻碍此项研究发展的主要问题。本文详细讨论了高效液相色谱（HPLC）藻类色素分析数据之数学解析技术的进展，对最近出现的分析软件（CHEMTAX）进行了重点介绍。最后，对海洋浮游藻化学分类法的发展趋势进行了分析预测。     

(S)-2-Methyl-1-hexanol,characteristic mandibular gland substance of ants of theCataglyphis bicolor group

Summary In all the species of theCataglyphis bicolor group examined yet, i.e.C. bicolor, C. diehli, C. isis, C. nodus, andC. viaticus, 2-methyl-1-hexanol is the characteristic substance and almost the only substance found in the mandibular glands. Its chirality has been determined inC. bicolor and shown to be exclusively (S)-2-methyl-1-hexanol.     

Insect chemical communication: Pheromones and exocrine glands of ants

Summary Chemical communication plays a very important role in the lives of many social insects. Several different types of pheromones (species-specific chemical messengers) of ants have been described, particularly those involved in recruitment, recognition, territorial and alarm behaviours. Properties of pheromones include activity in minute quantities (thus requiring sensitive methods for chemical analysis) and specificity (which can have chemotaxonomic uses). Ants produce pheromones in various exocrine glands, such as the Dufour, poison, pygidial and mandibular glands. A wide range of substances have been identified from these glands.     

葫芦科化学分类学

葫芦科为全世界约有110～122个属,775～960种的大科,我国有38属,约150种.该科植物中许多种类作为栽培植物,用作观赏、果蔬或药用,其化学成分十分复杂,大多数属中具有葫芦素类化合物.由于长期的栽培和人为繁育,化学成分的组成变得更加复杂,而化学成分的研究也不是十分全面,难以找到规律性.本文在葫芦科化学成分研究的基础上,探讨了其化学成分与各个属植物之间的相互联系.本文的讨论对整个葫芦科的化学分类学特征的化合物很难确定,但从化学系统学的角度,以葫芦科各个属的化学成分研究结果为基础,结合分类学的分属依据,讨论了葫芦科近缘属间关系,化学成分的结构类型基本上支持Takhtajan的葫芦科分类系统.表1参49     

黄杨科植物化学分类学初探

黄杨科（Buxaceae)是有5属60余种植物的小科，系统位置较为复杂，本文讨论了黄杨科植物甾体生物碱成分的结构特征；以甾体生物碱作为化学分类学的特征物质。初步探讨了黄杨科植物化学分类学的依据和系统位置；同时讨论了黄杨属（Buxus)，板凳果属（Pachysandra,又称富贵草属）和野扇花属（Sarcococca)3属间的相互关系。这些结果基本上支持Takhtajan的黄杨科分类系统。     

Freshwater algae chemotaxonomy by high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis

The study of community composition of algae is essential for understanding the structure and dynamics of the aquatic ecosystem and for evaluating the eutrophic level of the water body. A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method based on a reverse-phase C₁₈ nonpolar column was developed for the main algal taxa, which includes cyanophytes, bacillariophytes, euglenophytes, dinophytes, and chlorophytes. Based on the elution order using HPLC, 19 pigments were identified, and they were chlorophyllide a, 19′-butanoyloxyfucoxanthin, chlorophyll c₁ + c₂, phephorbides a, peridinin, methyl-chlorophyllide a, fucoxanthin, neoxanthin, violaxanthin, myxoxanthophyll, diadinoxanthin, diatoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, chlorophyll b allomer, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a allomer, chlorophyll a, and β,β-carotene. A comparison study of cell microscopic counts and accessory pigment analysis indicated that HPLC analysis could be a useful tool for monitoring phytoplankton communities and their abundance.