Origin of major ions in monthly rainfall events at the Bamenda Highlands, North West Cameroon

Rainwater characteristics can reveal emissions from various anthropogenic and natural sources into the atmosphere. The physico-chemical characteristics of 44 monthly rainfall events （collected between January and December 2012） from 4 weather stations （Bamenda, Ndop plain, Ndawara and Kumbo） in the Bamenda Highlands （BH） were investigated. The purpose was to determine the sources of chemical species, their seasonal inputs and suitability of the rainwater for drinking. The mean pH of 5 indicated the slightly acidic nature of the rainwater. Average total dissolved solids （TDS） were low （6.7 mg/L）, characteristic of unpolluted atmospheric moisture/air. Major ion concentrations （mg/L） were low and in the order K＋ 〉 Ca2＋ 〉 Mg2~ 〉 Na＋ for cations and NO3 〉〉 HCO3 〉 SO] 〉 CI- 〉 PO3- 〉 F- for anions. The average rainwater in the area was mixed Ca-Mg-SO4-CI water type. The CI-/Na＋ ratio （1.04） was comparable to that of seawater （1.16）, an indication that N a＋ and CI originated mainly from marine （Atlantic Ocean） aerosols. High enrichments of Ca2＋, Mg2＋ and SO2- to Na＋ ratios relative to seawater ratios （constituting 44% of the total ions） demonstrated their terrigenous origin, mainly from Saharan and Sahelian arid dusts. The K＋/Na＋ ratio （2.24）, which was similar to tropical vegetation ash （2.38）, and NO3 was essentially from biomass burning. Light （〈 100 mm） pre-monsoon and post-monsoon convective rains were enriched in major ions than the heavy （〉 100 mm） monsoon rains, indicating a high contribution of major ions during the low convective showers. Despite the acidic nature, the TDS and major ion concentrations classified the rainwater as potable based on the WHO guidelines.     

新型饮用水除氟材料Bio-F的除氟特性和比较研究

对3种传统除氟剂活性氧化铝、骨炭和改性沸石与自制的新型生物除氟剂Bio-F的除氟性能及影响因素（材料粒径、pH值、吸附时间、水样含氟浓度、其它离子、再生能力等）进行了比较,并模拟动态实验评估了这4种除氟材料对实际高氟地下水处理的效果.结果表明,Bio-F生物除氟剂对F^-的吸附过程符合Lagergren一级吸附动力学特征（R²=0.958 0）,吸附速率较快,且该过程属于吸热反应; Bio-F吸附F^-符合Langmuir吸附等温模型（R²=0.999 2）,吸附容量高,静态吸附容量可达4.088 3 mg·g^-1,分别约是活性氧化铝和改性沸石的1.8和 5.8倍.4种除氟材料吸附容量与氟浓度正相关,与吸附剂粒径负相关.高浓度的CO^2-₃、HCO^-₃明显抑制Bio-F的除氟（p<0.05）,但高浓度的Ca²⁺、NO^-₃、HPO^2-₄有利于Bio-F的除氟（p<0.001）.Bio-F除氟最佳停留时间3～4 min,远远低于沸石20 min和活性氧化铝11 min.在pH 4.0～9.0范围内Bio-F可保持90％以上吸附F^-的能力.再生性能稳定,10次再生后吸附容量变化不超过15%.Bio-F综合性能优于其它3种传统除氟剂,在我国广大农村地区推广有显著优越性.     

浅析营口市集中式饮用水水源环境管理

通过对营口市2011年集中式饮用水水源水质的监测评估,分析了集中式饮用水水源的环境现状,同时对存在的问题提出了相关的工作建议。     

利用给水厂污泥预处理畜禽养殖废水

实验考察了直接回用未脱水的给水厂污泥(undewatered water treatment sludge,UWTS)做絮凝剂进行畜禽养殖废水预处理的可行性.单因素实验结果表明,随着投加量和pH的增加,出水悬浮物浓度(suspended solid,SS)、化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand,COD)和总磷(total phosphorus,TP)的去除率不断增加;随着快速搅拌速度的提高,UWTS的絮凝效果呈现先增强后减弱的趋势;随着沉淀时间的延长,出水中SS、COD和TP的去除率起初逐渐增大,但15 min后去除率变化不明显.进一步的正交实验分析结果表明,UWTS回用做絮凝剂的最佳反应条件为投加量2 800 mg/L,快速搅拌速度300 r/min,沉淀时间15 min,此时对应的SS、COD和TP的去除率分别为74.8％、54.6％和60.5％.最佳反应条件下的粒径分析结果表明,UWTS的投加使得粒径范围在40 ～ 180 μm的颗粒物得到了去除.尽管与商品化絮凝剂相比,UWTS的絮凝效果略差,但是,利用其预处理畜禽养殖废水具有成本优势,因而具有应用潜力.     

阜新市闹德海集中式饮用水源地水污染风险模糊综合评价

建立了模糊综合评价数学模型,针对阜新市闹德海集中式饮用水源地辽河支流柳河段上游2001年~2005年水质状况进行水污染风险评价。旨在定量分析评价阜新地区集中饮用水源地水环境质量现状和存在的问题。结果表明:柳河上游水质在2001~2005年间波动较大,主要呈Ⅰ类Ⅲ类,基本符合集中式饮用水源地水质要求。其中2003和2005年河流总磷和溶解氧超标严重,五年间主要污染物变化规律也不同,总磷呈递增趋势,溶解氧呈递减趋势。     

饮用水源保护区生态补偿机制构建初探——厦门案例研究

生态补偿是环境管理的一种经济手段,它通过调节人类生产活动行为来达到生态环境保护的目的。本文以厦门市汀溪水库饮用水源保护区作为研究对象,分析了建立汀溪水库饮用水源保护区生态补偿机制的必要性,确定了汀溪水库引用水源保护区生态补偿的主体与客体,计算出了汀溪水库饮用水源保护区2004年—2006年的生态补偿量,并提出了符合保护区实际情况、可操作性强的生态补偿方式,对构建饮用水源保护区生态补偿机制进行了初探。     

阜阳电厂灰水氟化物浓度的确定及对地下饮用水源污染预测

目前在火电厂环境影响评价中，主要利用类比法和实验法确定灰水中氟化物的浓度。文章提出了一种新的方法－－计算法。该方法以氟的迁移转化规律为基础，以物料平衡原理为依据，充分考虑煤源、煤质、除尘方式、除灰方式、排灰方式及冲灰水水质等影响因素。与类比法和实验法相比，该法简便、可靠、实用、经济。鉴于阜场附近地区地下水饮用水源污染的可能性，影响程度及发生时间。     

应用遥感数据评价蓝藻水华对太湖取水口的影响

为量化蓝藻水华对太湖饮用水取水口的影响,将太湖矢量图进行栅格化,根据权重函数计算像元的权重因子;再将权重因子图与由遥感影像得到的水华分布图进行叠加,对对应像元进行影响因子计算;最后根据像元的影响因子求出归一化影响指数(NII),并以此进行影响评价.通过对2007年5月1~16日太湖MODIS EVI影像进行的实例分析和验证,表明该方法能较好地反映太湖水华对取水口的影响程度,与实际情况符合;在提出的3种权重函数模型中,负指数模型和正态分布模型能较好地反映蓝藻水华对饮用水取水口的影响程度,可以作为影响评价的权重模型.     

Groundwater quality: Responsible agriculture and public perceptions

The chief sources of groundwater contamination on farms come from point sources and diffuse sources. Possible point sources are feedlots, poorly-sited manure piles, septic sewage-treatment systems—all of which can release nitrate, phosphates and bacteria— and sites of chemical spills. Diffuse sources are typified by excess fertilizer leaching from a number of arable fields. The basis of quality standards for drinking-water is discussed in relation to common contaminants present on farms. Samples of drinking-water were collected in 1991–1992 from wells on about 1,200 farms in order to study the quality of rural groundwater in Ontario. Analysis showed that approximately one third of wells were contaminated with bacteria, 14% were contaminated with nitrate, two wells were contaminated with pesticide, but 40% were considered unsafe because of the presence of at least one contaminant. These values were similar to those reported for similar regions in the U.S. There was no significant effect of agricultural practice on the proportion of contaminated samples. One response of Ontario's farmers to information on water quality has been to initiate their own program, the Environmental Farm Plan, which has 23 modules by which the risk of environmental contamination can be assessed. Government policies for agriculture can be expected to influence farming practices. However, the literature suggests that the consequences of policies aimed at reducing environmental contamination are poorly understood, not least because the instruments used for implementation can have widely differing impacts. The need for discussions on the ethics surrounding the relationship between food producers and consumers with regard to environmental contamination is identified.     

北方某市饮用水体有机物污染状况研究

通过对北方某市的饮用水有机物的污染状况进行研究,对比分析地表水和地下水水源有机物污染状况,以及不同水厂消毒工艺对水中有机物的污染影响状况.