首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
文章检索
  按 检索   检索词:      
出版年份:   被引次数:   他引次数: 提示:输入*表示无穷大
  收费全文   468篇
  免费   25篇
  国内免费   109篇
安全科学   9篇
环保管理   257篇
综合类   219篇
基础理论   57篇
污染及防治   19篇
评价与监测   25篇
社会与环境   12篇
灾害及防治   4篇
  2023年   10篇
  2022年   4篇
  2021年   9篇
  2020年   19篇
  2019年   22篇
  2018年   11篇
  2017年   11篇
  2016年   17篇
  2015年   20篇
  2014年   16篇
  2013年   28篇
  2012年   35篇
  2011年   16篇
  2010年   22篇
  2009年   14篇
  2008年   24篇
  2007年   19篇
  2006年   28篇
  2005年   24篇
  2004年   14篇
  2003年   20篇
  2002年   15篇
  2001年   8篇
  2000年   11篇
  1999年   11篇
  1998年   11篇
  1997年   9篇
  1996年   7篇
  1995年   8篇
  1994年   5篇
  1993年   4篇
  1992年   6篇
  1991年   7篇
  1990年   5篇
  1989年   9篇
  1988年   11篇
  1987年   10篇
  1986年   4篇
  1984年   5篇
  1983年   5篇
  1981年   8篇
  1980年   11篇
  1979年   10篇
  1978年   8篇
  1977年   5篇
  1975年   3篇
  1973年   3篇
  1972年   5篇
  1971年   5篇
  1970年   3篇
排序方式: 共有602条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Weather variability has the potential to influence municipal water use, particularly in dry regions such as the western United States (U.S.). Outdoor water use can account for more than half of annual household water use and may be particularly responsive to weather, but little is known about how the expected magnitude of these responses varies across the U.S. This nationwide study identified the response of municipal water use to monthly weather (i.e., temperature, precipitation, evapotranspiration [ET]) using monthly water deliveries for 229 cities in the contiguous U.S. Using city‐specific multiple regression and region‐specific models with city fixed effects, we investigated what portion of the variability in municipal water use was explained by weather across cities, and also estimated responses to weather across seasons and climate regions. Our findings indicated municipal water use was generally well‐explained by weather, with median adjusted R2 ranging from 63% to 95% across climate regions. Weather was more predictive of water use in dry climates compared to wet, and temperature had more explanatory power than precipitation or ET. In response to a 1°C increase in monthly maximum temperature, municipal water use was shown to increase by 3.2% and 3.9% in dry cities in winter and summer, respectively, with smaller changes in wet cities. Quantifying these responses allows urban water managers to plan for weather‐driven variability in water use.  相似文献   
2.
We apply predictive weather metrics and land model sensitivities to improve the Colorado State University Water Irrigation Scheduler for Efficient Application (WISE). WISE is an irrigation decision aid that integrates environmental and user information for optimizing water use. Rainfall forecasts and verification performance metrics are used to estimate predictive rainfall probabilities that are used as input data within the irrigation decision aid. These input data errors are also used within a land model sensitivity study to diagnose important prognostic water movement behaviors for irrigation tool development purposes simultaneously performing the analysis in space and time. Thus, important questions such as “how long can a crop water application be delayed while maintaining crop yield production?” are addressed by evaluating crop growth stage interactions as a function of soil depth (i.e., space), rainfall events (i.e., time), and their probabilistic uncertainties. Editor’s note : This paper is part of the featured series on Optimizing Ogallala Aquifer Water Use to Sustain Food Systems. See the February 2019 issue for the introduction and background to the series.  相似文献   
3.
以沈阳张士灌区长期污灌的农田土壤为对象,研究了土壤重金属、土壤酶活性、微生物生物量和种群分布特征,分析了土壤微生物参数与土壤重金属和土壤性质的相关关系.结果表明,虽然已停止污灌十余年,张士灌区农田土壤仍存在Cd、Zn、Cu等多种重金属污染.土壤Cd污染最严重,含量达1.75~3.89 mg·kg-1.土壤耕作层(0~30cm)Zn、Cu、Pb总含量随土层深度增加逐渐减少,而Cd元素的垂直分布呈向下迁移的趋势.Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb等4种重金属含量水平分布特征相似,均为1号样地>2号样地>3号样地>4号样地.相关性分析表明,张士灌区土壤酶活性、微生物生物量和种群分布受重金属污染和土壤养分的影响,土壤养分含量(有机碳、N、P、K)对微生物的正面效应大于重金属对微生物的负面效应.土壤全量Cd和速效K对微生物参数的影响最为明显,Cd含量与多酚氧化酶活性和微生物生物量(Cmic)呈极显著负相关,与纤维素酶活性呈极显著正相关(P<0 01),速效K含量与多酚氧化酶活性、微生物生物量以及可培养微生物种群数量均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01).  相似文献   
4.
The demand for potable water is rising rapidly due to an ever-increasing population, economic activities, and dwindling water supplies. To provide adequate water supplies in the future, understanding the issues and challenges in the reuse of water and developing appropriate strategies for reuse will be critical. One way to augment water supplies for residential use is to reuse graywater – the wastewater from kitchens, bathrooms, and laundries. In this article, we critically review the evolution of water reuse, the definition of graywater, graywater reuse practices, volumes and flow in different situations, and graywater characteristics. We then examine the issues associated with different graywater treatment methods and how using graywater for irrigation around homes affects soil quality and plant growth. The study concludes that graywater treatment costs, human health risks, and its effect on soil quality are some of the challenges that need to be addressed in the future for widespread and sustainable reuse of graywater for irrigation around homes.  相似文献   
5.
淠河灌区集中式饮用水源地水质健康风险等级研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
为了解淠河灌区集中式饮用水源地水质健康风险状况,选取Cr6+、As、Cd、Pb、Mn、Cu、Zn、Fe、F、NH+4-N等10项污染因子作为健康风险指标,运用三角模糊集理论和α-截集技术,确立置信度为0.8,得到各污染指标的健康风险区间值;同时建立模糊化特征的风险等级判别标准和判别方法.结果表明,该水源地水质总健康风险值为4,风险等级为Ⅳ级(一般).3种化学致癌物Cr6+、As、Cd合计风险区间值介于5.586×10-5~9.365×10-5之间,风险由高到低的顺序依次为:Cr6+AsCd,浓度在空间上变化不大,具有一定的负面效应,但均未超过美国环保署推荐的最大可接受水平1.0×10-4;Cr6+风险区间值较大,风险等级较高,应将Cr6+作为首要的健康风险管理控制指标.其余7种非致癌化学有毒物没有风险,不存在负面效应,非致癌健康风险明显低于致癌风险.  相似文献   
6.
在太湖流域采用田间小区试验研究了干湿交替节水灌溉与控释肥(控释BB肥与树脂包膜尿素)施用对稻田30 cm深土壤渗漏水总氮(TN)、铵态氮(NH+4-N)、硝态氮(NO-3-N)和亚硝态氮(NO-2-N)浓度的动态变化及氮素淋失的影响.结果表明:各处理渗漏水TN、NH+4-N和NO-2-N浓度均在施肥后10 d内达到高峰,然后逐渐下降.渗漏水氮素以NH+4-N(0.22~15.15 mg·L-1)为主,平均占TN 70.1%,NO-3-N(0.10~0.95 mg·L-1)占TN比例较低,平均为13.0%,NO-2-N(0~0.24 mg·L-1)平均仅占TN 1.3%.与淹灌相比,节灌对稻田渗漏水氮素浓度及各氮素占总氮的比例影响不大,但降低了14.2%的渗漏水量和9.4%的TN淋失量.施氮显著提高了渗漏水氮素浓度以及NH+4-N和NO-2-N占TN的比例.控释BB肥和树脂包膜尿素较常规尿素处理水稻全生育期渗漏水TN平均浓度分别降低10.2%和43.3%,TN淋失量分别降低26.1%和39.5%.综上,干湿交替节灌结合树脂包膜尿素施用有利于降低氮素渗漏损失,促进农田面源污染减排.  相似文献   
7.
Australian governments have sought to invest in irrigation infrastructure to improve the efficiency of water delivery to rural properties and improve water supply and on-farm efficiency. A programme of rationalising irrigation infrastructure has attracted criticism and doubts about its likely success. Attitude theory in the form of the Reasoned Action Model was applied to understand the intentions of landowners to connect to a ‘modernised’ irrigation system. Attitudes towards connecting to the system, social norms and perceptions of control over the behaviour provided an explanation of intentions to connect. Actual financial capability and other variables were important in discriminating a group of landowners who had already connected to the modernised system from farmers who had not.  相似文献   
8.
Irrigation districts (IDs) in the American west are highly diverse in their economic attributes and local water scarcity circumstances. This diversity may affect reallocative action via water transactions as scarcity rises. The institutional background defining and constraining IDs is described here. For a Texas study region the progress of permanent water right transfers involving IDs is documented and examined. An econometric analysis of multiple decades of ID water transfer activities in the Lower Rio Grande Valley finds that IDs with larger initial water right holdings and higher populations in nearby cities are more likely to participate in agricultural‐to‐municipal water transfer activities. The findings suggest that consolidation of smaller water right holding IDs may be an avenue for quickening the pace of reallocation, especially in more populated areas.  相似文献   
9.
Quantifying surface water shortages in arid and semiarid agricultural regions is challenging because limited water supplies are distributed over long distances based on complex water management systems constrained by legal, economic, and social frameworks that evolve with time. In such regions, the water supply is often derived in a climate dramatically different from where the water is diverted to meet agricultural demand. The existing drought indices which rely on local climate do not portray the complexities of the economic and legal constraints on water delivery. Nor do these indices quantify the shortages that occur in drought. Therefore, this research proposes a methodological approach to define surface water shortages in irrigated agricultural systems using a newly developed index termed the Surface Water Delivery Index (SWDI). The SWDI can be used to uniformly quantify surface water deficits/shortages at the end of the irrigation season. Results from the SWDI clearly illustrate how water shortages in droughts identified by the existing indices (e.g., SPI and PDSI) vary strongly both within and between basins. Some surface water entities are much more prone to water shortages than other entities based both on their source of water supply and water right portfolios.  相似文献   
10.
Agricultural irrigation accounts for nearly 70% of the total water use around the world. Uncertainties and climate change together exacerbate the complexity of optimal allocation of water resources for irrigation. An interval‐fuzzy two‐stage stochastic quadratic programming model is developed for determining the plans for water allocation for irrigation with maximum benefits. The model is shown to be applicable when inputs are expressed as discrete, fuzzy or random. In order to reflect the effect of marginal utility on benefit and cost, the model can also deal with nonlinearities in the objective function. Results from applying the model to a case study in the middle reaches of the Heihe River basin, China, show schemes for water allocation for irrigation of different crops in every month of the crop growth period under various flow levels are effective for achieving high economic benefits. Different climate change scenarios are used to analyze the impact of changing water requirement and water availability on irrigation water allocation. The proposed model can aid the decision maker in formulating desired irrigation water management policies in the wake of uncertainties and changing environment.  相似文献   
设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号