受污染地表水的生物毒性效应分析

针对以非常规水源补水的受污染地表水的生态安全问题,文章以北京地区受污染河水为试验用水,利用多组生物效应试验(发光菌、大型蚤和仔鱼)进行急性生物毒性检测,并与污水厂二级出水和再生水厂出水水质进行比较.结果表明:受污染地表水在浓缩倍数达50倍时,发光细菌相对抑制率达到50％以上,大型蚤和仔鱼的急性毒性试验死亡率均达到100...     

三唑酮对青鳉鱼和大型溞不同测试终点的毒性效应评价

以青鳉鱼和大型溞为代表性水生生物,研究三唑酮对其不同测试终点的慢性毒性效应.结果显示,以生存、生长、繁殖为测试终点,青鳉鱼的NOEC分别为76,60,5μg/L,基于大型溞蜕皮次数、生长和繁殖的NOEC分别为25,100,200μg/L.由此可见,青鳉鱼比大型溞对三唑酮的毒性更敏感.比较不同测试终点,青鳉鱼的繁殖类指标最敏感,其次是生长、生存;相比大型溞的繁殖以及幼溞的生长,其幼溞的蜕皮次数指标更为敏感.因此,低剂量长期暴露下三唑酮会对水生生物的繁殖能力造成一定的损伤,评价其水生态安全应全面考虑不同生物种群的不同测试终点,尤其是鱼类繁殖毒性效应.     

利用日本青鳉评估胜利油田水体毒性效应

为了评估胜利油田石油开采对水体的影响,采集了东营市主要河流的18个点的水样,实验室条件下利用日本青鳉(Oryzias latipes)及鱼卵孵化试验检测水样的急性和慢性毒性效应. 结果显示,18个水样对日本青鳉幼鱼都没有急性毒性;与对照相比,88.9%的水样对青鳉鱼卵孵化有一定的影响,其中72.2%的水样中鱼卵的孵化率差异极显著(P<0.05);数据分析发现,鱼卵的慢性毒性效应与水质检测中的9个单个观测指标没有显著的相关性(P>0.05).利用日本青鳉评价胜利油田水体毒性效应的方法可行,水体对日本青鳉有一定的慢性毒性效应,而水体污染与胜利油田区油井的空间分布没有明显规律性.      

2种除草剂联合胁迫下日本青鳉的逐级行为响应(The Stepwise Behavioral Responses of the Japanese Medaka under the Joint Stress of Two Herbicides)

探讨了日本青鳉在两种除草剂阿特拉津和百草枯联合暴露下的逐级行为响应,采用水质安全在线生物预警系统(BEWs)记录行为强度数据,分析不同暴露浓度、不同暴露时间日本青鳉的行为响应.10、5、1和0.1TU的暴露浓度下行为反应时间分别为:0.74、7.7、29.4和42.2h,而每个浓度不同配比之间行为反应时间差异明显.结果表明:在两种除草剂的暴露下,日本青鳉的逐级行为响应既受化合物浓度高低的影响,又受暴露时间的影响,而且每个浓度两种药物不同配比暴露下的青鳉鱼的逐级行为响应基本一致,每个浓度不同配比之间行为反应时间差异明显,即两种作用机制不同的除草剂对日本青鳉的行为毒性是协同作用.     

Effects of p,p′-DDE exposure on gonadal development and gene expression in Japanese medaka （Oryzias latipes）

Although 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis（p-chlorophenyl）-ethylene （p,p′-DDE）, the major and most persistent metabolite of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane （DDT）, was continually detected in wild fishes that showed abnormal gonad development such as intersex, little is known about the impact of p,p′-DDE exposure on gonad development in fishes. To survey the effects of p,p′-DDE on gonadal development and gene expressions, male juvenile （20-d post hatch） Japanese medaka （Oryzias latipes） was exposed to 1, 5, 20, and 100 μg/L p,p′-DDE for two months. Increased hepatosomatic index （HSI） and decreased gonadosomatic index （GSI） were found in the p,p′-DDE-treated groups. Intersex was found in 100 μg/L p,p′-DDE exposure group, as well as 100 ng/L 17α-ethynylestradiol （EE2） group. By quantitative real-time RT-PCR, it was found that gene expressions of vitellogenins （VTG-1, VTG-2）, choriogenins （CHG-H, CHG-L）, and estrogen receptor α （ER-α） in the liver of the fish were significantly up-regulated by p,p′-DDE exposure. VTG-1 and VTG- 2 were recommended as the preferred biomarker for assessing anti-androgenic p,p′-DDE because they were the highest up-regulated among the genes and showed good dose-response relationship. The up-regulated ER-α suggested that a potential synergetic effect would occur when p,p′-DDE coexists with other ER-α-binding endocrine-disrupting chemicals （EDCs）.     

利用日本青鳉早期发育阶段暴露评估排水的急、慢性毒性和内分泌干扰效应

提出一套利用日本青鳉胚胎-幼鱼阶段生长、形态学改变和雌雄比例变化的指标体系评价排水的毒性和内分泌干扰效应的方法.该方法属于活体动物的短期和部分生命阶段暴露测试,整个实验周期为21 d,测试过程不依赖复杂的仪器设备,操作简单、成本低.通过在北京市污水、工业废水及其经过生物处理后的排水进行测试,表明其能够比较准确判断排水中是否存在急性毒性、致畸和内分泌干扰效应物质.将其应用于评价不同深度处理工艺出水毒性效果,结果表明反渗透工艺能够去除大部分毒性物质.     

吡虫啉的生物效应研究

应用不同的生物材料对新型杀虫剂的生态效应进行了研究，吡虫啉对泽蛙蝌蚪，黑斑蛙蝌蚪及青Jiang鱼的急性毒性表明，吡虫啉属于低毒农药，蚕豆根尖微核试验结果呈阴性，揭示其无致突变效应。     

Effects of p,p'-DDE exposure on gonadal development and gene expression in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)

Although 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-ethylene (p,p'-DDE),the major and most persistent metabolite of dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT),was continually detected in wild fishes that showed abnormal gonad development such as intersex,little is known about the impact of p,p'-DDE exposure on gonad development in fishes.To survey the effects of p,p'-DDE on gonadal development and gene expressions,male juvenile (20-d post hatch) Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) was exposed to 1,5,20,and 100 μg/L p,p'-DDE for two months.Increased hepatosomatic index (HSI) and decreased gonadosomatic index (GSI) were found in the p,p'-DDE-treated groups.Intersex was found in 100 μg/L p,p'-DDE exposure group,as well as 100 ng/L 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2)group.By quantitative real-time RT-PCR,it was found that gene expressions of vitellogenins (VTG-1,VTG-2),choriogenins (CHG-H,CHG-L),and estrogen receptor α (ER-α) in the liver of the fish were significantly up-regulated by p,p'-DDE exposure.VTC-1 and VTG-2 were recommended as the preferred biomarker for assessing anti-androgenic p,p'-DDE because they were the highest up-regulated among the genes and showed good dose-response relationship.The up-regulated ER-α suggested that a potential synergetic effect would occur when p,p'-DDE coexists with other ER-α-binding endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs).     

Aquatic toxicity of cartap and cypermethrin to different life stages of Daphnia magna and Oryzias latipes

Cartap and cypermethrin, which are among the most widely used pesticides in many countries, are considered safe because of their low mammalian toxicity and their low persistence in the environment. However, recent findings of endocrine-disrupting effects and developmental neurotoxicity have raised concerns about the potential ecological impacts of these pesticides. We evaluated the aquatic toxicity of cartap [S,S′-(2-dimethylaminotrimethylene) bis(thiocarbamate), unspecified hydrochloride] and cypermethrin [(RS)-alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-(1RS,3RS,1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylate], both individually and combined, on different life stages of the freshwater cladoceran Daphnia magna and a freshwater teleost, Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). The 96-hr Daphnia median effective concentrations (EC50s) for cartap and cypermethrin were 91.0 μ g/L and 0.00061 μ g/L, respectively. Rapid recovery of Daphnia was observed after short-term pulsed exposure to cartap and cypermethrin; there were no adverse effects on reproduction or survival 20 d after a 24 hr exposure to cartap up to 1240 μ g/L and cypermethrin up to 1.9 μ g/L. Chronic continuous exposure (for 21 d) of 7-d-old Daphnia to cypermethrin significantly reduced the intrinsic population growth rate in a concentration-dependent manner. However, because the intrinsic population growth rates were all above zero, populations did not decrease even at the highest experimental concentration of 200 ng/L. Exposure of Daphnia neonates (< 24 hr old) to cypermethrin for 21 d caused significant, sub-lethal reproduction-related problems, such as increased time to first brood, reduced brood size, and reduced total brood number, at 0.0002, 0.002, and 0.2 ng/L cypermethrin, but the intrinsic population growth rate was not significantly affected. Oryzias latipes was relatively more resistant to both pesticides. In particular, embryos appeared to be more resistant than juveniles or adults, which may be partly due to the protective role of the chorion. The incidence of larval fish deformity was significantly higher after a 96 hr exposure to as low as 250 μ g/L of cartap or 40 μ g/L of cypermethrin. The mixture of both compounds showed no synergistic toxicity. The extremely high acute-to-chronic ratio suggests that the standard acute lethal toxicity assessment might not reflect the true environmental hazards of these frequently used pesticides. Ecological hazard assessments of long-term low dose or pulsed exposures to cartap and cypermethrin may reveal more realistic consequences of these compounds in surface water.