The effect of particle size reduction by grinding on subsampling variance for explosives residues in soil

Efforts to characterize the surface soil contamination on military training ranges have been compromised by the inability to obtain representative subsamples of soils submitted to analytical laboratories for determination of explosives residues. Two factors affecting subsampling error for explosives residues were examined using soils collected from hand grenade and anti-tank ranges. These factors were increased subsample size and particle size reduction prior to subsampling of soils. Increasing the subsample size from 2 to 50 g did not reduce the soil subsampling error because of the extreme heterogeneous distribution of the solid contaminants. Alternatively, particle size reduction by machine grinding on a ring mill reduced subsampling error to less than 10% relative standard deviation for replicate analyses using 10-g subsamples.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

GIS支持下的滑坡空间预测与危险等级划分

以日本早池峰山地域为研究对象,借助航片、TM影像、数字化地图以及各种统计资料和现有专题图等主要数据,利用美国MicroImage公司开发的TNTmips地理信息系统,将数量化理论与地理信息系统紧密结合,对区域滑坡进行了空间预测和危险等级划分.提取并计算了滑坡以及包括坡度、坡向、海拔、坡面倾斜类型、降雨、植被、土壤和地质等8个滑坡影响因子,得到了滑坡及其影响因子的空间分布图.在此基础上,抽取372个样本,应用数量化理论对这些样本进行了分析,建立了区域滑坡预测模型.该模型经研究区域共1296384个样本检验,模型预测精度达80.49%.最后,以滑坡发生概率为基准,对滑坡危险等级进行了划分.     

Lead particle size and its association with firing conditions and range maintenance: implications for treatment

Six firing range soils were analyzed, representing different environments, firing conditions, and maintenance practices. The particle size distribution and lead (Pb) concentration in each soil fraction were determined for samples obtained from the backstop berms. The main factors that were found to influence Pb fragment size were the type of soil used to construct the berms and the type of weapon fired. The firing of high velocity weapons, i.e., rifles, onto highly angular soils induced significant fragmentation of the bullets and/or pulverization of the soil itself. This resulted in the accumulation of Pb in the finer soil fractions and the spread of Pb contamination beyond the vicinity of the backstop berm. Conversely, the use of clay as backstop and the use of low velocity pistols proved to be favorable for soil clean-up and range maintenance, since Pb was mainly present as large metallic fragments that can be recovered by a simple screening process. Other factors that played important roles in Pb particle size distribution were soil chemistry, firing distance, and maintenance practices, such as the use of water spray for dust suppression and deflectors prior to impact. Overall, coarse Pb particles provide much easier and more cost-effective maintenance, soil clean-up, and remediation via physical separation. Fine Pb particles release Pb more easily, pose an airborne Pb hazard, and require the application of stabilization/solidification treatment methods. Thus, to ensure sustainable firing range operations by means of cost-effective design, maintenance, and clean-up, especially when high velocity weapons are used, the above mentioned factors should be carefully considered.     

Spatial population structure in forest voles of the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Clethrionomys</Emphasis> in the southern taiga of the Middle Irtysh region

A comparative analysis of spatial population structure in the northern red-backed vole (Clethrionomys rutilus Pall.) and large-toothed red-backed vole (Cl. rufocanus Sund.) has been performed in the middle taiga zone of the Middle Irtysh region (Omsk oblast). Populations of these species are represented by sets of territorial groups whose numbers and spatial distribution change from year to year depending on the ratio of these species in a biotope and their population density. There is no significant interspecific competition between cohabitant Cl. rutilus and Cl. rufocanus. In particular, this follows from the fact that the population density and distribution pattern of one species are independent of those of the other species. It has been found that the size of home ranges in Cl. rutilus inversely depends on its population density, with that in Cl. rufocanus remaining approximately the same at different population densities, and that the structure of the resident part of the population in both species changes during the season, as voles from neighboring habitats or dispersing voles settle in the study area.     

Photodegradation of malachite green and malachite green carbinol under irradiation with different wavelength ranges

The dye malachite green (MG) is used worldwide as a fungicide in aquaculture. It is a toxic substance which in aqueous solutions is partly converted into its non-ionic colorless form (leucocarbinol). The equilibrium between these two forms is pH-dependent (pK = 6.9). To assess the photodegradation of MG under sunlight conditions, both species were irradiated separately in aqueous solutions with different pH values (4.0 and 12.0) using various ultraviolet and visible wavelength ranges (UV/VIS). A 700 W high-pressure mercury lamp with special filters was used. No artificial photooxidizers such as H₂O₂ or TiO₂ were added. MG leucocarbinol proved to be much more sensitive to irradiation than the dye form. Quantum yields Φ were calculated for some wavelength ranges as follows: MG carbinol: Φ_(280-312nm) is 4.3 × 10⁻³, Φ_(313-410nm) is 5.8 × 10⁻³, and MG dye: Φ_(280-312nm) is 4.8 × 10⁻⁵, Φ_(313-365nm) is 1.1 × 10⁻⁵, and Φ_(>365nm) is 0, respectively. Therefore, the solar photolysis of MG is an important sink and primarily depends on the photodegradation of the colorless leucocarbinol. During the irradiation of MG leucocarbinol with wavelengths >365 nm, an intermediate was formed which has photocatalytical properties.     

关于大小兴安岭生态功能区建设必须解决的主要问题

大小兴安岭生态功能区在我国生态功能区中占有极为重要的战略地位。要建设好生态功能区,就要尊重自然规律,把经济社会发展置于生态环境条件约束之下,这是地方政府、社会和国家共同的责任。应尽快地停止商业性采伐,逐步恢复天然生态系统的功能。抓紧实行政企分开,奠定生态功能区建设的制度性基础。深化林权制度改革,推动由林业经济向林区经济的转变,实现生态、经济、社会的和谐发展。应考虑建立国家级大小兴安岭生态功能特区,统筹解决跨省区生态功能区保护与建设的问题。     

环境空气PM2.5化学组分监测数据审核指标的建立:以长三角地区为例

本研究基于2014~2017年长三角地区2100余组环境空气PM_2.5组分监测数据,建立了组分监测数据有效性的审核指标.以百分位数法（P_2.5,P_97.5）确定了长三角地区阴离子（A）与阳离子（C）电荷当量浓度比（A/C）、所测组分浓度之和（∑组分）与PM_2.5实测浓度比、基于物质重构的PM_2.5质量浓度（PM_2.5,重构）与PM_2.5实测浓度比、S/SO₄^2-和K/K⁺的双侧95%参考范围分别为：（0.82,1.35）、（0.63,0.94）、（0.62,1.00）、（0.28,0.50）和（0.66,2.31）,且上述指标各月的平均值和参考范围基本不受季节变化影响.NH₄⁺的理论浓度与实测浓度检验结果表明,NH₄⁺的化学形态呈现季节性变化,春夏季主要以NH₄NO₃和（NH₄）₂SO₄形态存在,秋冬季则主要以NH₄NO₃、（NH₄）₂SO₄和NH₄Cl形态存在.相关研究的验证结果表明,A/C指标的通过率为87.1%,其他4项指标的通过率高达100%,说明上述审核指标的参考范围不仅适用于长三角地区,在我国其他地区也具有参考价值.本研究还发现,审核指标的使用有一定条件,对于S/SO₄^2-,夏季数据适用条件为PM_2.5≥40 μg ·m^-3,春秋冬三季数据适用条件为60 μg ·m^-3≤PM_2.5≤140 μg ·m^-3;对于其他审核指标,当PM_2.5≥60 μg ·m^-3时,上述参考范围基本能够全年普遍适用.     

Rethinking the native range concept

A species is not native outside its native range, but native range is not precisely defined. The invasion literature contains wide discussion of the core concepts such as naturalization, invasiveness, and ecological impact, but the concept of native range has received so little attention that a formal definition does not exist. I considered, among other impediments to a formal definition of native range, the sometimes arbitrariness of the spatial and temporal limits assigned to native range. Broad questions that remain include whether invasion theory can be used to define the native range for species without non-native ranges.