Characterization of refuse landfill leachates of three di erent stages in landfill stabilization process

Landfill leachates with di erent ages (mature leachate, 11 years; semi-mature leachate, 5 years; fresh leachate, under operation) were collected from Laogang Refuse Landfill, Shanghai to characterize the colloid size distribution and variations of leachate. These leachates were separated using micro-filtration and ultra-filtration into specific size fractions, i.e., suspended particles (SP) (> 1.2 m), coarse colloids (CC) (1.2–0.45 m), fine colloids (FC) (0.45 m, 5 kDa/1 kDa molecular weight (MW)), and dissolved organic matters (DM, < 5 kDa/1 kDa MW). The specific colloids in each size fraction were quantified and characterized through chemical oxygen demands (COD), total solid (TS), pH, NH4 +-N, total organic carbon (TOC) and fixed solid (FS). It was found that COD, NH4 +-N and TS in leachate decreased significantly over ages, while pH increased. The dissolved fractions (< 5 kDa/1 kDa) dominated (over 50%) in three leachates in terms of COD, and the organic matter content in dissolved fraction of leachates decreased and the inorganic matter increased as the disposal time extended, with the TOC/COD ratio 30%–7%. Dissolved fractions decreased from 82% to 40% in terms of TOC as the disposal time extended, suggested that the organic matter remained in leachate would form into middle molecular weight substances during the degradation process.     

Characterization of refuse landfill leachates of three different stages in landfill stabilization process

hate would formed into middle molecular weight substances during the degradation process.     

北京PM10中矿物颗粒的微观形貌及粒度分布

使用高分辨率环境扫描电镜和图像分析技术对北京PM10中矿物颗粒的微观形貌和粒度分布特征进行了研究．结果表明，北京PM10中的矿物颗粒按其形貌、组成特点可以分为单矿物和矿物集合体2类；矿物颗粒多以不规则的形态出现；形态规则的矿物主要是硫酸盐类矿物，是大气化学反应的产物，形态不规则的矿物是来自扬尘的原生矿物．不同类型污染产生的PM10中矿物颗粒的粒度分布特征表现不同，在沙尘暴样品和道路扬尘样品中矿物颗粒的粒度峰值在1～2．5μm；在局地扬尘的样品中，矿物颗粒的粒度较粗．主要分布在1—2．5μm和2．5—10μm．     

Comparison of Aerosol Size-Distributions Using Linear-Regression, Genetic Algorithm, and Annealing Genetic Algorithm

Abstract Stability and accuracy of retrieving the aerosol size-distribution by using the linear-regression (LR), genetic algorithm (GA), and annealing genetic algorithm (AGA) were studied in detail. It was found that by using the AGA, retrieval results are quite stable and accurate; using the GA, stability and accuracy of the retrieval results decreased mildly but were still acceptable; and using the LR, retrieval results were too unstable to be acceptable. This conclusion is verified by both of the numeric simulation and the experiment.