沼泽湿地水生无脊椎动物完整性指数构建与健康评价

依据2017年5、7、9月对三江平原19处沼泽湿地(参照湿地6处,受损湿地13处)的水生无脊椎动物采样结果,应用生物完整性理论和方法,构建水生无脊椎动物完整性指数,评价三江平原沼泽湿地健康状况。通过对27个候选指标的分布范围、判别能力和相关性分析,筛选出总分类单元数、扁卷螺科百分比、龙虱科百分比、刮食者百分比4个指标构成水生无脊椎动物完整性指数核心指标。采用比值法计算各指标参数值,将各参数值加和得到水生无脊椎动物完整性指数值。根据参照湿地水生无脊椎动物完整性指数值的25%分位数值确定评价标准,对小于25%分位数的值进行三等分,确定三江平原沼泽湿地健康评价标准:≥2.58,无干扰;1.72～2.58,轻度干扰;0.86～1.72,中度干扰;0～0.86,重度干扰。结果表明:所调查的三江平原沼泽湿地有78.95%受到不同程度的干扰(其中47.37%受到了中重度干扰),21.05%属于无干扰。     

广西水生蔬菜和陆生蔬菜多环芳烃污染特征

为了研究水生蔬菜和陆生蔬菜产品器官(可食用部分)中16种优先控制的多环芳烃(PAHs)污染特征,采集广西4个水生蔬菜主产区的水生蔬菜与相邻地块的陆生蔬菜,分析不同蔬菜种类PAHs的含量和组成差异,并对人体摄食蔬菜暴露PAHs的健康风险进行评估。结果表明:4个蔬菜产区水生蔬菜土壤中16种PAHs的总量(G_(16PAHs))为1 235.24μg·kg~(-1),高于陆生蔬菜土壤(1 006.22μg·kg~(-1)),且水生蔬菜土壤中5～6环PAHs和7种致癌性PAHs的含量(G_(c7PAHs))显著高于陆生蔬菜土壤。水生蔬菜6环PAHs及G_(c7PAHs)含量(除贺州市外)显著高于陆生蔬菜,2～3环PAHs含量显著低于陆生蔬菜。蔬菜产品器官低中环PAHs含量大于高环PAHs。水生蔬菜5～6环PAHs及G_(16PAHs)与土壤PAHs含量呈正相关性,陆生蔬菜5环及G_(c7PAHs)含量与土壤PAHs含量呈正相关性,但两者均未达显著水平(P0.05)。人体摄食蔬菜终身致癌风险值(R_(ILC))表现为儿童成年人老人青少年,成年人和老人R_(ILC)值表现为男性女性;人群摄食不同蔬菜的R_(ILC)值表现为叶菜类果菜类水生蔬菜。     

Effects of silica nanoparticles on growth and photosynthetic pigment contents of Scenedesmus obliquus

To assess the aquatic ecosystem safety for silica (SiO2) nanoparticles (NPs), the growth inhibition and photosynthetic pigment contents of Scenedesmus obliquus in logarithm growth phase exposed to SiO2 NPs and SiO2 bulk particles (BPs) suspensions were measured. SiO2 NPs with 10-20 nm diameters were found to be toxic. The 20% effective concentration (EC20) values for 72 and 96 hr were 388.1 and 216.5 mg/L, respectively. The contents of chlorophyll decreased significantly under moderate and high concentratio...     

PFOS/PFOA对斑马鱼(Danio rerio)胚胎致毒效应研究

采用斑马鱼胚胎毒性测试方法,研究了PFOA/PFOS对斑马鱼的急性毒性和生命早期阶段生长发育的影响.结果表明,PFOS/PFOA对斑马鱼有明显毒性作用,LC₅₀(48 h)分别为1005 mg/L和107 mg/L,LC₅₀(96　h)分别为499 mg/L和71 mg/L.PFOS/PFOA抑制斑马鱼胚胎发育,可导致胚胎发育畸形,甚至死亡,高浓度(＞240 mg/L)PFOS损伤细胞膜,导致胚胎分裂中的细胞发生自溶而卵凝结死亡,抑制胚胎原肠胚的形成.在各种亚致死效应中,脊柱畸形对PFOS暴露最敏感,其EC₅₀=9.14 mg/L,PFOA暴露最敏感亚致死性毒理学终点为96　h孵化,对应EC₅₀=328.0 mg/L.PFOA/PFOS导致胚胎发育延迟,具有发育毒性.     

Integrated assessment of river health based on water quality, aquatic life and physical habitat

The health conditions of Liao River were assessed using 25 sampling sites in April 2005, with water quality index, biotic index and physical habitat quality index. Based on the method of cluster analysis (CA) for water quality indices, it revealed that heavily polluted sites of Liao River are located at estuary and mainstream. The aquatic species surveyed were attached algae and benthic invertebrates. The result showed that the diversity and biomass of attached algae and benthic index of biotic integrity (B-IBI) were degrading as the chemical and physical quality of water bodies deteriorating. Physiochemical parameters, BOD5, CODCr, TN, TP, NH3-N, DO, petroleum hydrocarbon and conductivity, were statistically analyzed with principal component analysis and correlation analysis. The statistical results were incorporated into the integrated assessing water quality index, combining fecal coliform count, attached algae diversity, B-IBI and physical habitat quality score. A comprehensive integrated assessing system of river ecological health was established. Based on the systimetic assesment, the assessed sites are categorized into 9 “healthy” and “sub-healthy” sites and 8 “sub-sick” and “sick” sites.     

Development and application of a two-dimensional water quality model for the Daqinghe River Mouth of the Dianchi Lake

Water quality models are important tools to support the optimization of aquatic ecosystem rehabilitation programs and assess their efficiency. Basing on the flow conditions of the Daqinghe River Mouth of the Dianchi Lake, China, two-dimensional water quality model was developed in the research. The hydrodynamics module was numerically solved by the alternating direction iteration (ADI) method. The parameters of the water quality module were obtained through the in situ experiments and the lab analyses that were conducted from 2006 to 2007. The model was calibrated and verified by the observation data in 2007. Among the four modelled key variables that were water level, CODcr, NH3-N and PO4-P, the minimum value of the coefficient of determination (CoD) was 0.69, which mean the model performed reasonably well. The developed model was then applied to simulate the water quality changes at the downstream cross-section assuming that the designed restoration programs were implemented. According to the simulated results, the restoration programs could cut down the loads of CODcr and PO4-P about 15%, however, they would have very little effect on the NH3-N removal. Besides, the water quality at the outlet cross-section would be still in class V (3838-02), indicating more measures should be taken to further reduce the loads. The study demonstrated the capability of water quality models to support aquatic ecosystem restorations.     

理化因子对多变鱼腥藻溶血素活性的影响

采用对兔血红细胞的溶血实验,测定和分析了多变鱼腥藻(Anabaena variabilis OL S1)培养液在不同生长时期的溶血活性以及温度、pH和金属离子等理化因子对其溶血素活性的影响.结果表明,在对数生长中期多变鱼腥藻开始向胞外分泌活性较高的溶血性毒素,在稳定期溶血活性达到最高.4℃低温几乎完全抑制了溶血素活性;在溶血反应最初的30 min内,溶血活性随着温度的升高而迅速增强;但在反应持续60 min后,16～37℃温度下溶血素活性趋于一致;溶血素在偏酸性条件下活性较高,而pH为7.2～9.0时活性无明显差异;Mg2 、Ca2 能显著增加其溶血活性,Cu2 、Mn2 则显著抑制其活性,Ge2 、Fe3 、Zn2 对其影响不大.红细胞膜组分胆固醇、鞘磷脂和卵磷脂均能竞争性结合溶血素,显著抑制溶血反应,因此可能是溶血素在红细胞膜上的作用受体.     

我国淡水生物氨氮基准研究

主要采用美国水生生物基准技术,结合美国氨氮水质基准数学模型,利用我国水生生物的氨氮毒性数据,对我国淡水生物氨氮基准进行了研究.共搜集了35种淡水生物的氨氮急性毒性数据和7种慢性毒性数据,得出的氨氮水质基准表现为以水体pH值和温度为自变量的函数,在pH 6.5～9.0、温度0～30℃的取值范围内,我国氨氮急性和慢性基准的...     

我国红树林湿地保护区的现存问题及开发对策

国际重要湿地公约《拉姆萨尔公约》中将湿地定义为＂不仅指所有的天然的、人为的、永久的、暂时的沼泽、潮湿地、泥炭地等静止的或流动的水体,也包括所有的咸水、半咸水、淡水以及低潮线以下不超过6米的地域。＂湿地作为介于陆地生态系统与水生生态系统之间的过渡生态系统,其独特性和多功能性具有很高的生态价值、经济价值和社会价值。它的作用引起了世界的普遍重视,各国都在加强对其的保护管理工作。     

城市水循环中的微量污染物负荷

污水中不同的有机化合物,例如,药物、个人护理产品中的添加物、家用化学物质和工业化学等物质都对水生生态系统和人类健康带来了潜在威胁.这些污染物质的大部分在环境中含量非常低,范围在pg/L至ng/L间,因此,被称为微量污染物.这些微量污染物质对水生生态系统和人类健康的威胁表现在内分泌干扰作用、化学敏感作用,污染混合物的交互作用以及长期暴露下的慢性作用.